This study examines the industrialization of housing production in Shanghai during the Mao-era, and investigates the challenges of preserving its legacy in the context of contemporary urban development. Focusing on the ‘No.1 Road’ Project (1958–1960) in Shanghai’s previous Minhang Satellite Town and tracing its origins, stages of implementation, and multiple contributions to the overall design of this urban area, this research aims to reread and re-evaluate its urban planning and structures, both as architectural artifacts and socio-cultural symbols. To this end, it adopts a multidisciplinary analytical framework, comparing studies concerning socialist state-led industrialization and urbanization, to the planning, design, and construction of this neighborhood, and later, to the changes introduced overtime by the authorities and public offices, or by private inhabitants, and their experiences of living in the houses and the other buildings of collective use. As a result, the study tends to promote a preservation approach that can reconcile the historical significance of architecture intended for the working class of the 1950s and 1960s with contemporary living needs, while highlighting the broader challenges related to the preservation and rehabilitation of similar housing complexes across the country. The research begins by placing post-war socialist workers’ housing within the broader context of urban development and the evolving regulatory framework for architectural heritage protection in contemporary China. Despite their foundational role in shaping urban landscapes and urban lives over the past decades, these mass-produced housing complexes have become largely marginalized and overlooked within contemporary cultural narratives. Once emblematic of socialist modernity and collective living ideals, these buildings are now usually critiqued by both residents and government officers for their functional deficiencies and outdated design. Given that China’s heritage protection legislation temporarily prioritizes pre-1949 structures, architectural interventions after that date — such as renovations, adaptive reuse, or demolitions — tend to prioritize utility over historical continuity. This has led to the erosion of the material and symbolic legacies of these sites. In response, this study aims to show that as exemplars of industrial and ideological ambitions of socialist China, the houses and public buildings of the ‘No.1 Road’ Project possess significant historical, documentary, and social value even if little documented and recognized to date. Moreover, it highlights that studying the original production processes of workers’ housing and the subsequent adaptations made by residents in their everyday lives is essential for understanding and preserving what remains, and maintaining and making the best use of this fragile heritage. The research is structured to address these key issues in a systematic way and synthesizes a wide range of sources: published and unpublished historical and contemporary research, news reports, project and site documentation from municipal archives, photographs and videos from 1959 till now, and most importantly, the documents and materials about buildings themselves and their inhabitants: the site reconnaissance produced sample mappings of the current conditions of the remaining buildings, and important materials were collected through interviews with residents which, especially through the voices of the oldest among them, allowed the outlines of a possible “oral history” to be traced. They are direct testimonies and constitute a unique and original contribution to the knowledge of the object of study and the broader issues that this case, like many others, raises. Through described materials, the research investigates the “socialist” meanings and distinctive characteristics of the planning, design and construction of the selected case studies. It also examines the subsequent six decades of use, transformation and adaptation of the houses and public buildings designed for workers’ families in this satellite town of Shanghai, as well as the causes and challenges involved in managing these changes. The study highlights how factors such as widespread neglect, uneven distribution of public services, fragmentation of ownership and jurisdictions, changes in lifestyles and preferences, limited durability of materials especially in the absence of maintenance, and the time-bound ownership, pose significant risks to the future of these structures. Consequently, some buildings surveyed are in an advanced state of disrepair, while others have undergone drastic alterations from their original designs. The study concludes that the preservation of socialist workers’ housing requires, as with older buildings, a deep technical and cultural knowledge. It not only makes the intervention project fully aware of the original construction features and the materials replaced, the degree of deterioration and change, and the current conditions of ownership and use — indispensable data to improve the state of the buildings by preserving their key spatial and architectural features — but also serves to improve the living conditions of the residents, enriching their lived experiences and the collective memories embedded in these spaces. There is a need to bridge the gap between the ideals, living conditions of the past and present realities, this research aims to emphasize the importance of socialist urbanism as a vital component of China’s urban heritage. The findings and recommendations that have emerged contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical, cultural, and social dimensions of socialist building, offering valuable insights for contemporary urban conservation practices in China and beyond.
Questo studio esamina l'industrializzazione della produzione nel settore dell’edilizia abitativa in Cina durante l'era di Mao e analizza le sfide legate alla conservazione del patrimonio costruito che ne rappresenta l’eredità nel contesto dello sviluppo urbano contemporaneo. Concentrandosi sul Progetto “No.1 Road” (1958–1960), nella Citta Satellitare di Minhang a Shanghai e ripercorrendone le origini, le fasi di attuazione, i contributi molteplici al disegno di insieme del quartiere operaio, questa ricerca si propone di rileggerne e rivalutarne le componenti urbanistiche ed edilizie, sia come manufatti architettonici, sia come simboli socio-culturali. A questo scopo, essa adotta un quadro analitico multidisciplinare, confrontando gli studi riguardanti l'industrializzazione e l’urbanizzazione guidate dallo Stato socialista, alla pianificazione, progettazione, costruzione del quartiere, e più tardi, alle modifiche introdotte nel tempo dalle autorità e dagli uffici pubblici, o dai privati abitanti, e alle loro esperienze di vita nelle case, in particolare, e negli altri edifici di uso collettivo: le fabbriche, le mense, le scuole, gli spazi commerciali, gli alberghi. Lo studio tende a promuovere, di conseguenza, un approccio di conservazione in grado di conciliare il significato storico dell’architettura destinata alla classe operaia degli anni ‘60 con le esigenze di vita contemporanee, evidenziando al contempo le sfide più ampie legate alla tutela e al recupero di complessi abitativi simili in tutto il paese. La ricerca inizia collocando l’edilizia abitativa socialista del dopoguerra nel contesto dello sviluppo urbano e del quadro normativo cinese per la tutela del patrimonio architettonico. Nonostante il ruolo fondamentale dei quartieri operai nella formazione dei paesaggi urbani e nella vita degli abitanti negli ultimi decenni, questi complessi abitativi che avrebbero dovuto essere prodotti in serie risultano oggi marginalizzati e trascurati nelle narrazioni culturali contemporanee. Un tempo emblema della modernità socialista e degli ideali di vita collettiva, questi edifici sono ora spesso criticati sia dai residenti che dai funzionari governativi per le loro carenze funzionali e il design obsoleto. Poiché la legislazione cinese sulla protezione del patrimonio privilegia temporaneamente le strutture precedenti al 1949, gli interventi architettonici successivi a tale data—come ristrutturazioni, riusi adattivi o demolizioni—tendono a dare priorità all'utilità immediata rispetto alla continuità storica. Ciò ha portato all’erosione delle eredità materiali e simboliche di questi siti. La presente ricerca intende mostrare come in quanto esemplari delle ambizioni industriali e ideologiche della Cina socialista, gli edifici abitativi e di servizio di “No 1 Road” possiedono un valore storico, documentario e sociale significativo anche se finora poco documentato e riconosciuto. Inoltre, essa evidenzia come la comprensione dei processi produttivi originari dell’edilizia operaia e delle successive trasformazioni operate dai residenti nella loro vita quotidiana sia essenziale per comprendere, preservare quanto rimane, mantenere e usare nel miglior modo possibile questo fragile patrimonio. La ricerca è strutturata per affrontare queste questioni chiave in modo sistematico e sintetizza un'ampia gamma di fonti: ricerche storiche e studi contemporanei pubblicati e inediti, articoli di cronaca, documentazione di progetto e di cantiere proveniente dagli archivi municipali, fotografie e video dell’epoca di costruzione degli edifici. Una fonte irrinunciabile per chi si occupa di tutela e conservazione sono gli edifici stessi, con le infrastrutture che consentono la vita della collettività. La ricognizione in sito ha prodotto una mappatura a campione delle condizioni attuali degli edifici residenziali, e importanti materiali sono stati raccolti tramite interviste ai residenti che, specialmente attraverso le voci dei più anziani tra loro, hanno consentito di tracciare i lineamenti di una possibile “storia orale”. Esse sono testimonianze dirette e costituiscono un contributo unico e originale alla conoscenza dell’oggetto di studi e delle più ampie problematiche che questo caso, come molti altri, solleva. Attraverso i materiali descritti, la ricerca indaga i significati “socialisti” e le caratteristiche distintive della pianificazione, progettazione e costruzione del quartiere e degli edifici selezionati come casi studio. Essa analizza, inoltre, i sei decenni successivi di utilizzo, trasformazione e adattamento, degli alloggi e dell’architettura concepita per le famiglie operaie di una città satellite della grande Shanghai, cosi come le cause e le sfide legate alla gestione di tali cambiamenti. Lo studio evidenzia come fattori quali il diffuso stato di abbandono, la distribuzione disomogenea dei servizi pubblici, la progressiva frammentazione della proprietà e delle giurisdizioni, i cambiamenti negli stili di vita e nelle preferenze, la limitata durata dei materiali soprattutto in assenza di manutenzione e la proprietà vincolata nel tempo, rappresentino rischi significative per il futuro. Se alcuni edifici presi in esame si trovano in condizioni di avanzato degrado, altri hanno subito alterazioni drastiche rispetto ai progetti originari. Lo studio conclude che la conservazione dell’edilizia abitativa operaia socialista richiede, come per gli edifici più antichi, una profonda conoscenza tecnica e culturale. Essa soltanto rende al progetto di intervento piena consapevolezza dei caratteri costruttivi originari e dei materiali sostituiti, del grado di deterioramento e di cambiamento, delle condizioni attuali di proprietà e di uso: dati imprescindibili per migliorare lo stato degli edifici preservandone le caratteristiche spaziali e architettoniche chiave, e di migliorare le condizioni abitative dei residenti, valorizzandone le esperienze vissute e le memorie collettive radicate in questi spazi. Anche se occorre colmare il divario tra gli ideali, le condizioni di vita del passato e le realtà presenti, questa ricerca intende sottolineare l’importanza dell’urbanistica socialista come componente vitale del patrimonio urbano cinese: i risultati e le raccomandazioni che ne sono emerse contribuiscono alla comprensione delle dimensioni storiche, culturali e sociali dell’edilizia socialista, offrendo spunti preziosi per le pratiche contemporanee di conservazione urbana in Cina e oltre.
A post-war socialist workers' housing in Shanghai: study on the no.1 road project in Minhang Satellite Town 1958-1960, sixty years later
Zeng, Pengcheng
2024/2025
Abstract
This study examines the industrialization of housing production in Shanghai during the Mao-era, and investigates the challenges of preserving its legacy in the context of contemporary urban development. Focusing on the ‘No.1 Road’ Project (1958–1960) in Shanghai’s previous Minhang Satellite Town and tracing its origins, stages of implementation, and multiple contributions to the overall design of this urban area, this research aims to reread and re-evaluate its urban planning and structures, both as architectural artifacts and socio-cultural symbols. To this end, it adopts a multidisciplinary analytical framework, comparing studies concerning socialist state-led industrialization and urbanization, to the planning, design, and construction of this neighborhood, and later, to the changes introduced overtime by the authorities and public offices, or by private inhabitants, and their experiences of living in the houses and the other buildings of collective use. As a result, the study tends to promote a preservation approach that can reconcile the historical significance of architecture intended for the working class of the 1950s and 1960s with contemporary living needs, while highlighting the broader challenges related to the preservation and rehabilitation of similar housing complexes across the country. The research begins by placing post-war socialist workers’ housing within the broader context of urban development and the evolving regulatory framework for architectural heritage protection in contemporary China. Despite their foundational role in shaping urban landscapes and urban lives over the past decades, these mass-produced housing complexes have become largely marginalized and overlooked within contemporary cultural narratives. Once emblematic of socialist modernity and collective living ideals, these buildings are now usually critiqued by both residents and government officers for their functional deficiencies and outdated design. Given that China’s heritage protection legislation temporarily prioritizes pre-1949 structures, architectural interventions after that date — such as renovations, adaptive reuse, or demolitions — tend to prioritize utility over historical continuity. This has led to the erosion of the material and symbolic legacies of these sites. In response, this study aims to show that as exemplars of industrial and ideological ambitions of socialist China, the houses and public buildings of the ‘No.1 Road’ Project possess significant historical, documentary, and social value even if little documented and recognized to date. Moreover, it highlights that studying the original production processes of workers’ housing and the subsequent adaptations made by residents in their everyday lives is essential for understanding and preserving what remains, and maintaining and making the best use of this fragile heritage. The research is structured to address these key issues in a systematic way and synthesizes a wide range of sources: published and unpublished historical and contemporary research, news reports, project and site documentation from municipal archives, photographs and videos from 1959 till now, and most importantly, the documents and materials about buildings themselves and their inhabitants: the site reconnaissance produced sample mappings of the current conditions of the remaining buildings, and important materials were collected through interviews with residents which, especially through the voices of the oldest among them, allowed the outlines of a possible “oral history” to be traced. They are direct testimonies and constitute a unique and original contribution to the knowledge of the object of study and the broader issues that this case, like many others, raises. Through described materials, the research investigates the “socialist” meanings and distinctive characteristics of the planning, design and construction of the selected case studies. It also examines the subsequent six decades of use, transformation and adaptation of the houses and public buildings designed for workers’ families in this satellite town of Shanghai, as well as the causes and challenges involved in managing these changes. The study highlights how factors such as widespread neglect, uneven distribution of public services, fragmentation of ownership and jurisdictions, changes in lifestyles and preferences, limited durability of materials especially in the absence of maintenance, and the time-bound ownership, pose significant risks to the future of these structures. Consequently, some buildings surveyed are in an advanced state of disrepair, while others have undergone drastic alterations from their original designs. The study concludes that the preservation of socialist workers’ housing requires, as with older buildings, a deep technical and cultural knowledge. It not only makes the intervention project fully aware of the original construction features and the materials replaced, the degree of deterioration and change, and the current conditions of ownership and use — indispensable data to improve the state of the buildings by preserving their key spatial and architectural features — but also serves to improve the living conditions of the residents, enriching their lived experiences and the collective memories embedded in these spaces. There is a need to bridge the gap between the ideals, living conditions of the past and present realities, this research aims to emphasize the importance of socialist urbanism as a vital component of China’s urban heritage. The findings and recommendations that have emerged contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical, cultural, and social dimensions of socialist building, offering valuable insights for contemporary urban conservation practices in China and beyond.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_07_Pengcheng Zeng_Thesis_01.pdf
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2025_07_Pengcheng Zeng_Thesis Appendix_03.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/239277