Space-based nulling interferometry for exoplanet detection is a key development area in astrobiology. However, due to the high complexity of its design and the novelty of the required technologies, since Bracewell's first concept in 1978, up to this day it remained only a theoretical mission proposal. In recent years, technological advancements have renewed interest for this technique, leading to new mission proposals that could yield important scientific breakthroughs. In this context, the present work introduces a modelling tool designed to study the behaviour and performance of such instruments, providing a global and preliminary evaluation framework. Based on models from the literature, the tool offers a flexible analysis of ideal performance metrics, applicable to any number of apertures and geometric configurations: transmission maps, response functions, nulling ratio, modulation efficiency, angular resolution, and point spread functions. A second part of the study focuses on the instrument's sensitivity to internal errors, especially instrumental stellar leakage and optical path differences (OPDs), validating the choice of operating in the mid-infrared range and illustrating the importance of a strong phase control. Furthermore, the impact of simulated optical aberrations, developed in collaboration with a colleague, is analysed in detail, showing how disturbances affect the signal on the pupil plane and highlighting the limitations of current compensator systems thanks to the integrated response function, where the loss of contrast of the perturbed simulations is particularly evident. Finally, the tool is applied to three mission concepts—ESA’s Darwin, NASA’s TPF-I, and ETH’s LIFE—offering a comparative performance analysis (in terms of resolution, nulling ratios, modulation efficiency and exoplanet yield) and further demonstrating the scientific potential of space-based nulling interferometry.
L’interferometria a nulling dallo spazio è considerata una delle tecnologie più promettenti per la rilevazione di esopianeti ed è oggi al centro dell’interesse dell’astrobiologia. Nonostante il primo concetto sia stato proposto da Bracewell nel 1978, la complessità progettuale e l’adozione di tecnologie ancora immature hanno relegato per decenni questa tecnica al solo ambito teorico. Negli ultimi anni, però, i progressi tecnologici ne hanno riacceso l’interesse e, in questo contesto, si inserisce il presente lavoro, che introduce uno strumento di modellazione pensato per analizzarne il comportamento e le prestazioni, offrendo un primo quadro valutativo di insieme. Sulla base di modelli presenti in letteratura, lo strumento permette di analizzare in modo flessibile diverse metriche prestazionali ideali applicabili a qualunque numero di aperture e configurazioni geometriche. Una seconda parte dello studio è dedicata alla sensibilità dello strumento rispetto ad alcune fonti di errore interne, come la perdita stellare strumentale e le differenze di cammino ottico (OPD), confermando la scelta di operare nel medio infrarosso e mettendo in evidenza l’importanza di un controllo accurato della fase. Viene inoltre analizzato l’impatto di aberrazioni ottiche simulate evidenziando come queste perturbazioni influenzino il segnale sul piano pupillare. Attraverso l’analisi della funzione di risposta integrata, si mettono in luce i limiti dei sistemi di compensazione attualmente disponibili. Infine, lo strumento viene applicato a tre concetti di missione—Darwin (ESA), TPF-I (NASA) e LIFE (ETH)—per una valutazione comparativa delle prestazioni (in termini di risoluzione, rapporto di nulling, efficienza di modulazione e numero stimato di esopianeti osservabili), a ulteriore conferma del grande potenziale scientifico dell’interferometria a nulling dallo spazio.
Development of an advanced modelling tool for a four apertures nulling interferometer
De BORTOLI, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Space-based nulling interferometry for exoplanet detection is a key development area in astrobiology. However, due to the high complexity of its design and the novelty of the required technologies, since Bracewell's first concept in 1978, up to this day it remained only a theoretical mission proposal. In recent years, technological advancements have renewed interest for this technique, leading to new mission proposals that could yield important scientific breakthroughs. In this context, the present work introduces a modelling tool designed to study the behaviour and performance of such instruments, providing a global and preliminary evaluation framework. Based on models from the literature, the tool offers a flexible analysis of ideal performance metrics, applicable to any number of apertures and geometric configurations: transmission maps, response functions, nulling ratio, modulation efficiency, angular resolution, and point spread functions. A second part of the study focuses on the instrument's sensitivity to internal errors, especially instrumental stellar leakage and optical path differences (OPDs), validating the choice of operating in the mid-infrared range and illustrating the importance of a strong phase control. Furthermore, the impact of simulated optical aberrations, developed in collaboration with a colleague, is analysed in detail, showing how disturbances affect the signal on the pupil plane and highlighting the limitations of current compensator systems thanks to the integrated response function, where the loss of contrast of the perturbed simulations is particularly evident. Finally, the tool is applied to three mission concepts—ESA’s Darwin, NASA’s TPF-I, and ETH’s LIFE—offering a comparative performance analysis (in terms of resolution, nulling ratios, modulation efficiency and exoplanet yield) and further demonstrating the scientific potential of space-based nulling interferometry.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
2025_07_DeBortoli.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Descrizione: Testo della tesi
Dimensione
15.59 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
15.59 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
2025_07_DeBortoli_Executive Summary.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Descrizione: Executive Summary
Dimensione
1.85 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.85 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/239539