Modern power systems are incorporating variable renewable energy sources to generate electricity, which presents challenges in terms of integration and grid stability. Long-Term Energy Storage Systems (LESS) will play a crucial role in providing reliability to power systems, fast frequency response for grid support, and a sustainable future to achieve carbon neutrality. This thesis focuses on comparing five mainstream LESS technologies, including PHESS, CAESS, HESS, BESS, and TESS. Practical LESS plants represent each technology, and we extracted their data from various sources, which are compared based on technical, economic, and environmental parameters. The thesis title explains that various criteria have been taken under consideration while comparing all technologies to receive conclusive results. Artificial CAES (e.g., Zhangjiakou) plants seem perfect options for flat regions with the least geographical requirements and almost similar LCOE to PHESS, making it an exceptional potential for peak shaving. PHESS has the highest geographical constraints, but it is the most impactful LESS and should remain the first priority. BESS is valuable for grid stability but has a high cost. The thesis recommends the utilization of HESS as seasonal storage with multipurpose applications, including transportation and industry. TESS requires more R&D as initial projects faced technical challenges and reliability issues in practical deployment. LESS must be seen as more than just an energy provider by realizing its use-case for grid stability and reliability for power systems. To make the world greenhouse gas-free, we need a mix of various renewable energy sources integrated with all kinds of LESS technology while understanding use-case and geographical requirements. The world must adopt already mature LESS technologies (e.g., PHESS, CAESS, BESS) and invest in R&D of uprising technologies (e.g., HESS, TESS).
I moderni sistemi energetici stanno integrando fonti energetiche rinnovabili variabili per generare elettricità, il che presenta sfide in termini di integrazione e stabilità della rete. I sistemi di accumulo di energia a lungo termine (LESS) svolgeranno un ruolo cruciale nel garantire l'affidabilità dei sistemi energetici, una rapida risposta in frequenza per il supporto della rete e un futuro sostenibile per raggiungere la neutralità carbonica. Questa tesi si concentra sul confronto di cinque tecnologie LESS tradizionali, tra cui PHESS, CAESS, HESS, BESS e TESS. Gli impianti LESS pratici rappresentano ciascuna tecnologia e abbiamo estratto i relativi dati da diverse fonti, che vengono confrontati in base a parametri tecnici, economici e ambientali. Il titolo della tesi spiega che sono stati presi in considerazione diversi criteri nel confronto di tutte le tecnologie per ottenere risultati conclusivi. Gli impianti CAES artificiali (ad esempio, Zhangjiakou) sembrano opzioni perfette per le regioni pianeggianti con i minori requisiti geografici e un LCOE pressoché simile, il che li rende un potenziale eccezionale per il peak shaving. PHESS presenta i maggiori vincoli geografici, ma è il LESS con il maggiore impatto e dovrebbe rimanere la priorità assoluta. BESS è prezioso per la stabilità della rete, ma ha un costo elevato. La tesi raccomanda l'utilizzo di HESS come accumulo stagionale per applicazioni multifunzionali, tra cui trasporti e industria. TESS richiede maggiore ricerca e sviluppo, poiché i progetti iniziali hanno incontrato sfide tecniche e problemi di affidabilità nell'implementazione pratica. LESS deve essere visto come qualcosa di più di un semplice fornitore di energia, realizzandone il caso d'uso per la stabilità della rete e l'affidabilità dei sistemi elettrici. Per rendere il mondo libero da gas serra, abbiamo bisogno di un mix di diverse fonti di energia rinnovabile integrato con tutti i tipi di tecnologia LESS, comprendendo al contempo i casi d'uso e i requisiti geografici. Il mondo deve adottare tecnologie LESS già mature (ad esempio, PHESS, CAESS, BESS) e investire in ricerca e sviluppo di tecnologie emergenti (ad esempio, HESS, TESS).
Comparative analysis of long-term energy storage systems
AHMED, AHSAN
2024/2025
Abstract
Modern power systems are incorporating variable renewable energy sources to generate electricity, which presents challenges in terms of integration and grid stability. Long-Term Energy Storage Systems (LESS) will play a crucial role in providing reliability to power systems, fast frequency response for grid support, and a sustainable future to achieve carbon neutrality. This thesis focuses on comparing five mainstream LESS technologies, including PHESS, CAESS, HESS, BESS, and TESS. Practical LESS plants represent each technology, and we extracted their data from various sources, which are compared based on technical, economic, and environmental parameters. The thesis title explains that various criteria have been taken under consideration while comparing all technologies to receive conclusive results. Artificial CAES (e.g., Zhangjiakou) plants seem perfect options for flat regions with the least geographical requirements and almost similar LCOE to PHESS, making it an exceptional potential for peak shaving. PHESS has the highest geographical constraints, but it is the most impactful LESS and should remain the first priority. BESS is valuable for grid stability but has a high cost. The thesis recommends the utilization of HESS as seasonal storage with multipurpose applications, including transportation and industry. TESS requires more R&D as initial projects faced technical challenges and reliability issues in practical deployment. LESS must be seen as more than just an energy provider by realizing its use-case for grid stability and reliability for power systems. To make the world greenhouse gas-free, we need a mix of various renewable energy sources integrated with all kinds of LESS technology while understanding use-case and geographical requirements. The world must adopt already mature LESS technologies (e.g., PHESS, CAESS, BESS) and invest in R&D of uprising technologies (e.g., HESS, TESS).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_07_Ahmed.pdf
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Descrizione: Modern power systems are incorporating variable renewable energy sources to generate electricity, which presents challenges in terms of integration and grid stability. Long-Term Energy Storage Systems (LESS) will play a crucial role in providing reliability to power systems, fast frequency response for grid support, and a sustainable future to achieve carbon neutrality. This thesis focuses on comparing five mainstream LESS technologies, including PHESS, CAESS, HESS, BESS, and TESS. Practical LESS plants represent each technology, and we extracted their data from various sources, which are compared based on technical, economic, and environmental parameters. The thesis title explains that various criteria have been taken under consideration while comparing all technologies to receive conclusive results. Artificial CAES (e.g., Zhangjiakou) plants seem perfect options for flat regions with the least geographical requirements and almost similar LCOE to PHESS, making it an exceptional potential for peak shaving. PHESS has the highest geographical constraints, but it is the most impactful LESS and should remain the first priority. BESS is valuable for grid stability but has a high cost. The thesis recommends the utilization of HESS as seasonal storage with multipurpose applications, including transportation and industry. TESS requires more R&D as initial projects faced technical challenges and reliability issues in practical deployment. LESS must be seen as more than just an energy provider by realizing its use-case for grid stability and reliability for power systems. To make the world greenhouse gas-free, we need a mix of various renewable energy sources integrated with all kinds of LESS technology while understanding use-case and geographical requirements. The world must adopt already mature LESS technologies (e.g., PHESS, CAESS, BESS) and invest in R&D of uprising technologies (e.g., HESS, TESS).
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/239562