This work opens by introducing performance demanding mission types such as SSTO and ALTO profiles in the today’s world aerospace context and develops into the analysis of adequate propulsion systems. Turbine Based Variable/Combined Cycle Engines are analysed as possible answer to the requirements of operational flexibility, reusability, and performances for SSTO spaceplanes and supersonic aircrafts. Notable programmes and historical milestones do guide the reader toward the analytical part of the work which consists of On-Design, parametrical analysis, and Off-Design study for a VCE/CCE TBCC comprising of turbofan/turbojet/ramjet (TF/TJ/RJ) and rocket (RK) modes. These cycle(s) investigation relies on different assumptions, mainly the ones of steady state conditions, 1D geometry, optimal nozzle’s expansion for the air-breathing modes, turbines’ stators chocking. For the On-Design part, adequate Design Points were chosen across typical flight’s speeds and altitudes: retrieved performances helped defining the engine. For the Off-Design procedure, take-off, TF-to-TJ and TJ-to-RJ phases were considered for the air-breathing module, while for the RK module the evolution of performances with height was considered; comparisons with the Design Point’s results are also there. Base assumption for the procedure is the preservation of turbines’ temperature ratios across On and Off Design for each engine’s mode. Work closes with a preliminary dimensioning that defines RK mode required propellant, payload, passenger capacity and range; this procedure originates from the definition of common MTOW, OEW and fuselage’s volume for the spaceplane and the aircraft. This work returned consistent findings that not only confirmed the profitability of VCE/CCE TBCC propulsion systems in spaceplanes and supersonic aircrafts applications but also preliminary demonstrated the possible coexistence of these two types of vehicles given an adequate baseline shared airframe and air-breathing engine’s module thus allowing not only for operational flexibility but also for design process convenience.
La tesi introduce il lettore all’argomento di profili missione ad alte prestazioni come SSTO ed ALTO nel contesto aerospaziale attuale e loro sistemi propulsivi. I motori a ciclo variabile/combinato, basati su turbina, sono quindi presi in considerazione in questo studio grazie alle promettenti doti di flessibilità operativa, riusabilità e performance nell’ambito di spazioplani SSTO e aeri supersonici. Programmi storici e pietre miliari sono quindi discussi e guidano il lettore verso la parte analitica della tesi, che consiste nello studio parametrico di progetto e fuori progetto di un motore costituito da turbofan, turbojet e ramjet con modulo a razzo. Lo studio dei rispettivi cicli termodinamici si basa su ipotesi di condizioni stazionarie, geometria 1D, espansione ottimale in ugello e blocco statori di turbina per il generatore a gas. I punti di progetto per la fase di On-Design sono stati scelti lungo il range di quote e velocità tipici e i risultati ottenuti hanno permesso la piena definizione del motore in analisi. Il fuori progetto ha considerato il decollo e le transizioni per il modulo esoreattore, per il modulo a razzo si è considerata l’evoluzione di performance con la quota dall’attivazione alla line di Karmann; a corredo, il confronto con i risultati dell’On-Design. Ipotesi di base, la costanza dei rapporti di temperatura delle turbine tra regimi progetto e fuori da essi per le rispettive modalità motore. La tesi chiude con una semplice procedura di dimensionamento della struttura del velivolo definendo autonomia e passeggeri trasportabili nonché payload e propellente necessario per l’ascesa allo spazio per l’aereo supersonico e lo spazioplano, rispettivamente. I risultati non solo hanno permesso di confermare la versatilità di motori VCE/CCE TBCC per su spazioplani ed aerei supersonici ma hanno anche mostrato la possibilità di coesistenza dei due diversi tipi di velivolo qualora una base strutturale comune, dotata del medesimo modulo esoreattore condiviso, possa essere progettata permettendo quindi non solo flessibilità operativa ma, anche, di progetto.
Pushing the envelope: TBCC engines for spaceplanes and supersonic aircrafts
LUONI, ENRICO
2024/2025
Abstract
This work opens by introducing performance demanding mission types such as SSTO and ALTO profiles in the today’s world aerospace context and develops into the analysis of adequate propulsion systems. Turbine Based Variable/Combined Cycle Engines are analysed as possible answer to the requirements of operational flexibility, reusability, and performances for SSTO spaceplanes and supersonic aircrafts. Notable programmes and historical milestones do guide the reader toward the analytical part of the work which consists of On-Design, parametrical analysis, and Off-Design study for a VCE/CCE TBCC comprising of turbofan/turbojet/ramjet (TF/TJ/RJ) and rocket (RK) modes. These cycle(s) investigation relies on different assumptions, mainly the ones of steady state conditions, 1D geometry, optimal nozzle’s expansion for the air-breathing modes, turbines’ stators chocking. For the On-Design part, adequate Design Points were chosen across typical flight’s speeds and altitudes: retrieved performances helped defining the engine. For the Off-Design procedure, take-off, TF-to-TJ and TJ-to-RJ phases were considered for the air-breathing module, while for the RK module the evolution of performances with height was considered; comparisons with the Design Point’s results are also there. Base assumption for the procedure is the preservation of turbines’ temperature ratios across On and Off Design for each engine’s mode. Work closes with a preliminary dimensioning that defines RK mode required propellant, payload, passenger capacity and range; this procedure originates from the definition of common MTOW, OEW and fuselage’s volume for the spaceplane and the aircraft. This work returned consistent findings that not only confirmed the profitability of VCE/CCE TBCC propulsion systems in spaceplanes and supersonic aircrafts applications but also preliminary demonstrated the possible coexistence of these two types of vehicles given an adequate baseline shared airframe and air-breathing engine’s module thus allowing not only for operational flexibility but also for design process convenience.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_07_Luoni.pdf
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Descrizione: testo tesi
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8.38 MB
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2025_07_Luoni_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/239661