In power systems with high shares of non-programmable renewable energy sources (NPRES), balancing generation and demand and ensuring frequency stability becomes increasingly complex. Reduced system inertia and variability in renewable output call for flexible resources capable of providing rapid frequency reserves and absorbing excess energy. This study investigates the role of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in supporting the Italian power system in 2030 through two services: time-shifting and frequency reserve provision. To estimate future reserve needs, two methodologies (formula-based and convolution-based) are applied using historical forecast error matrices for load, solar, and wind generation. Results show a substantial increase in reserves from 2023 to 2030. Under the formula method, upward reserve requirements grow by 20% and downward by 62%, while the convolution method estimates an increase of 12% for upward and 31% for downward reserves. The modeled BESS fleet, sized according to Italy 2030 NECP targets, operates on a price-based dispatch strategy. Results show the system delivers approximately 214 full cycles annually for RES time-shifting and it is available to provide 50% of upward and 79% of downward reserves. Time-shifting performance reveals 11 TWh of energy discharged for peak shaving, demonstrating significant load flexibility during high-price events. BESS coverage peaks in spring and autumn, with over 90% downward reserve participation in certain months, and it contributes more during weekdays than weekends due to higher demand and stronger price signals. An economic evaluation suggests that the total reserve provision costs amount to approximately €185 million per year. The share attributed to BESS, considering its portion of activated reserves, amounts to €66 million per year. These findings highlight the strategic role of BESS as a dual-purpose asset capable of providing both energy arbitrage and ancillary services. The results of this study offer valuable insights for policymakers to refine market designs and ensure grid stability in high-renewable energy scenarios.
Nei sistemi energetici con un'elevata percentuale di fonti energetiche rinnovabili non programmabili (NPRES), bilanciare la produzione e la domanda e garantire la stabilità della frequenza diventa sempre più complesso. La ridotta inerzia del sistema e la variabilità della produzione rinnovabile richiedono risorse flessibili in grado di fornire riserve di frequenza rapide e assorbire l'energia in eccesso. Questo studio esamina il ruolo dei sistemi di accumulo di energia in batterie (BESS) nel supportare il sistema energetico italiano nel 2030 attraverso due servizi: il time-shifting e la fornitura di riserve di frequenza. Per stimare il fabbisogno futuro di riserve, vengono applicate due metodologie (basata su formule e basata sulla convoluzione) utilizzando matrici storiche di errore di previsione per il carico, la produzione solare ed eolica. I risultati mostrano un aumento sostanziale delle riserve dal 2023 al 2030. Con il metodo basato su formule, i requisiti di riserva al rialzo crescono del 20% e quelli al ribasso del 62%, mentre il metodo basato sulla convoluzione stima un aumento del 12% per le riserve al rialzo e del 31% per quelle al ribasso. La flotta BESS modellizzata, dimensionata in base agli obiettivi NECP 2030 dell'Italia, opera secondo una strategia di dispacciamento basata sui prezzi. I risultati mostrano che il sistema fornisce circa 214 cicli completi all'anno per il time-shifting delle RES ed è in grado di fornire il 50% delle riserve verso l'alto e il 79% delle riserve verso il basso. Le prestazioni di time-shifting rivelano 11 TWh di energia scaricata per il peak shaving, dimostrando una significativa flessibilità di carico durante gli eventi ad alto prezzo. La copertura BESS raggiunge il picco in primavera e in autunno, con oltre il 90% di partecipazione alle riserve al ribasso in alcuni mesi, e contribuisce maggiormente durante i giorni feriali rispetto ai fine settimana a causa della maggiore domanda e dei segnali di prezzo più forti. Una valutazione economica suggerisce che i costi totali di fornitura delle riserve ammontano a circa 185 milioni di euro all'anno. La quota attribuita al BESS, considerando la sua porzione di riserve attivate, ammonta a 66 milioni di euro all'anno. Questi risultati evidenziano il ruolo strategico del BESS come asset a duplice scopo in grado di fornire sia arbitraggio energetico che servizi ausiliari. I risultati di questo studio offrono preziose informazioni ai responsabili politici per perfezionare la progettazione dei mercati e garantire la stabilità della rete in scenari ad alta percentuale di energia rinnovabile.
Estimation of frequency reserves requirement and evaluation of BESS dispatch strategy for 2030 italian electricity market
USAMA, CH MUHAMMAD
2024/2025
Abstract
In power systems with high shares of non-programmable renewable energy sources (NPRES), balancing generation and demand and ensuring frequency stability becomes increasingly complex. Reduced system inertia and variability in renewable output call for flexible resources capable of providing rapid frequency reserves and absorbing excess energy. This study investigates the role of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in supporting the Italian power system in 2030 through two services: time-shifting and frequency reserve provision. To estimate future reserve needs, two methodologies (formula-based and convolution-based) are applied using historical forecast error matrices for load, solar, and wind generation. Results show a substantial increase in reserves from 2023 to 2030. Under the formula method, upward reserve requirements grow by 20% and downward by 62%, while the convolution method estimates an increase of 12% for upward and 31% for downward reserves. The modeled BESS fleet, sized according to Italy 2030 NECP targets, operates on a price-based dispatch strategy. Results show the system delivers approximately 214 full cycles annually for RES time-shifting and it is available to provide 50% of upward and 79% of downward reserves. Time-shifting performance reveals 11 TWh of energy discharged for peak shaving, demonstrating significant load flexibility during high-price events. BESS coverage peaks in spring and autumn, with over 90% downward reserve participation in certain months, and it contributes more during weekdays than weekends due to higher demand and stronger price signals. An economic evaluation suggests that the total reserve provision costs amount to approximately €185 million per year. The share attributed to BESS, considering its portion of activated reserves, amounts to €66 million per year. These findings highlight the strategic role of BESS as a dual-purpose asset capable of providing both energy arbitrage and ancillary services. The results of this study offer valuable insights for policymakers to refine market designs and ensure grid stability in high-renewable energy scenarios.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_07_Usama_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/239819