This thesis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the evolution of regulations related to machinery safety, with the objective of highlighting how the regulatory framework has progressively adapted to technological, productive, and social changes. In the initial phase, the impact of workplace accidents caused by or related to the use of machinery is examined, taking into account data and statistics available at the national, European, and global levels. This quantitative and qualitative analysis allows for an understanding of the scope of the phenomenon and the identification of its most critical areas. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on identifying the main causes and consequences of such accidents, considering both the technical aspects related to the design and use of machinery and the human and organizational factors that often contribute to the occurrence of incidents. Particular attention is given to the role that regulations have played over time in reducing risks and ensuring increasingly higher standards of workplace safety. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution of the concept of software as a safety component. While in the past software was primarily regarded as a control element or secondary support, today, with the advent of increasingly digitalized and interconnected systems, it assumes a crucial role in accident prevention and maintaining operational safety. Software is no longer just command code; it becomes an integral part of protection strategies, requiring specific procedures for verification, validation, and continuous updating to ensure that it does not introduce vulnerabilities or malfunctions into the machine system. A significant portion of the discussion is dedicated to the new Regulation (EU) 2023/1230, which will replace the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC and will come fully into force in 2027. The main innovations introduced by the regulation are analyzed, both from a technical-regulatory standpoint and in relation to practical implications for manufacturers, employers, and end users. Among the innovative aspects are the inclusion of new digital technologies, the focus on artificial intelligence and connectivity, as well as the broadening of the scope compared to the previous legislation. In particular, the regulation introduces, for the first time within the European legal framework, explicit provisions regarding safety software and cybersecurity measures aimed at protecting the integrity of machine systems. These aspects require manufacturers to include software within the technical documentation, prepare comprehensive documentation certifying compliance with safety standards, and implement updating and monitoring systems to prevent alterations or malfunctions caused by cyber-attacks or programming errors. The attention given to software reflects its growing centrality in modern production systems, where safety is also measured in terms of digital reliability and resilience to cyber threats. Finally, the concluding part of the thesis is devoted to a critical reflection on the future of the human-machine relationship, proposing possible new approaches that integrate the opportunities offered by emerging technologies with the need to ensure a safe, sustainable, and ethically responsible working environment. In this context, software represents a fundamental lever not only to automate and optimize safety functions but also to implement adaptive and predictive systems that support the human operator, improving interaction and reducing errors.
La presente tesi si propone di analizzare in modo approfondito l’evoluzione delle normative relative alla sicurezza dei macchinari, con l’obiettivo di evidenziare come il quadro regolatorio si sia progressivamente adattato ai mutamenti tecnologici, produttivi e sociali. In una prima fase, viene esaminato l’impatto degli infortuni sul lavoro causati o connessi all’uso dei macchinari, prendendo in considerazione i dati e le statistiche disponibili a livello nazionale, europeo e mondiale. Questa analisi quantitativa e qualitativa permette di comprendere la portata del fenomeno e di identificarne le aree più critiche. Successivamente, l’elaborato si concentra sull’individuazione delle principali cause e delle conseguenze derivanti da tali infortuni, tenendo conto sia degli aspetti tecnici legati alla progettazione e all’utilizzo dei macchinari, sia dei fattori umani e organizzativi che spesso concorrono al verificarsi degli incidenti. In questo contesto, viene posta particolare attenzione al ruolo che le normative hanno svolto nel corso del tempo per ridurre i rischi e garantire standard sempre più elevati di sicurezza sul lavoro. Particolare rilievo è dedicato all’evoluzione del concetto di software come componente di sicurezza. Mentre in passato il software veniva considerato principalmente un elemento di controllo o di supporto secondario, oggi, con l’avvento di sistemi sempre più digitalizzati e interconnessi, esso assume un ruolo cruciale nella prevenzione degli incidenti e nel mantenimento della sicurezza operativa. Il software non è più solo codice di comando, ma diventa parte integrante delle strategie di protezione, richiedendo procedure specifiche di verifica, convalida e aggiornamento continuo, in modo da garantire che non introduca vulnerabilità o malfunzionamenti nel sistema macchina. Un’ampia parte della trattazione è dedicata al nuovo Regolamento (UE) 2023/1230, che andrà a sostituire la Direttiva Macchine 2006/42/CE e che entrerà pienamente in vigore nel 2027. Vengono analizzate le principali novità introdotte dal regolamento, sia dal punto di vista tecnico-normativo che in relazione alle implicazioni pratiche per i fabbricanti, i datori di lavoro e gli utilizzatori finali. Tra gli aspetti innovativi si evidenziano l’inclusione delle nuove tecnologie digitali, l’attenzione all’intelligenza artificiale e alla connettività, nonché l’ampliamento dell’ambito di applicazione rispetto alla normativa precedente. In particolare, il regolamento introduce per la prima volta nel quadro giuridico europeo una disciplina esplicita sul software di sicurezza e sulle misure di cybersecurity a tutela dell’integrità dei sistemi macchina. Questi aspetti impongono ai fabbricanti di includere il software all’interno del fascicolo tecnico, di predisporre una documentazione completa che ne certifichi la conformità agli standard di sicurezza e di prevedere sistemi di aggiornamento e monitoraggio per prevenire alterazioni o malfunzionamenti causati da attacchi informatici o errori di programmazione. L’attenzione posta al software riflette la crescente centralità di questo elemento nei sistemi produttivi moderni, in cui la sicurezza si misura anche in termini di affidabilità digitale e capacità di resilienza alle minacce cibernetiche. Infine, la parte conclusiva della tesi è dedicata a una riflessione critica sul futuro del rapporto uomo-macchina, proponendo possibili nuovi approcci che integrino le opportunità offerte dalle tecnologie emergenti con la necessità di garantire un ambiente di lavoro sicuro, sostenibile ed eticamente responsabile. In questo contesto, il software rappresenta una leva fondamentale non solo per automatizzare e ottimizzare le funzioni di sicurezza, ma anche per implementare sistemi adattivi e predittivi che supportino l’operatore umano, migliorando l’interazione e riducendo gli errori.
Il nuovo regolamento macchine: il software come strumento di sicurezza
Batisti, Giulio
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the evolution of regulations related to machinery safety, with the objective of highlighting how the regulatory framework has progressively adapted to technological, productive, and social changes. In the initial phase, the impact of workplace accidents caused by or related to the use of machinery is examined, taking into account data and statistics available at the national, European, and global levels. This quantitative and qualitative analysis allows for an understanding of the scope of the phenomenon and the identification of its most critical areas. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on identifying the main causes and consequences of such accidents, considering both the technical aspects related to the design and use of machinery and the human and organizational factors that often contribute to the occurrence of incidents. Particular attention is given to the role that regulations have played over time in reducing risks and ensuring increasingly higher standards of workplace safety. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution of the concept of software as a safety component. While in the past software was primarily regarded as a control element or secondary support, today, with the advent of increasingly digitalized and interconnected systems, it assumes a crucial role in accident prevention and maintaining operational safety. Software is no longer just command code; it becomes an integral part of protection strategies, requiring specific procedures for verification, validation, and continuous updating to ensure that it does not introduce vulnerabilities or malfunctions into the machine system. A significant portion of the discussion is dedicated to the new Regulation (EU) 2023/1230, which will replace the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC and will come fully into force in 2027. The main innovations introduced by the regulation are analyzed, both from a technical-regulatory standpoint and in relation to practical implications for manufacturers, employers, and end users. Among the innovative aspects are the inclusion of new digital technologies, the focus on artificial intelligence and connectivity, as well as the broadening of the scope compared to the previous legislation. In particular, the regulation introduces, for the first time within the European legal framework, explicit provisions regarding safety software and cybersecurity measures aimed at protecting the integrity of machine systems. These aspects require manufacturers to include software within the technical documentation, prepare comprehensive documentation certifying compliance with safety standards, and implement updating and monitoring systems to prevent alterations or malfunctions caused by cyber-attacks or programming errors. The attention given to software reflects its growing centrality in modern production systems, where safety is also measured in terms of digital reliability and resilience to cyber threats. Finally, the concluding part of the thesis is devoted to a critical reflection on the future of the human-machine relationship, proposing possible new approaches that integrate the opportunities offered by emerging technologies with the need to ensure a safe, sustainable, and ethically responsible working environment. In this context, software represents a fundamental lever not only to automate and optimize safety functions but also to implement adaptive and predictive systems that support the human operator, improving interaction and reducing errors.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/239968