The growing need for sustainable, high-performance materials has fueled a strong interest in renewable resources such as nanocellulose. This thesis explores the valorization of cellulosic biomass through the production, functionalization and application of TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF). Cellulose, an abundant, biodegradable and non-toxic biopolymer, has been transformed into nanostructured material with high surface area and mechanical strength by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. This process selectively introduces carboxyl groups at the C6 position of the glucosidic units, facilitating nanofibrillation without altering the crystallinity of the material. The resulting TOCNFs show a stable dispersion in water and are ideal candidates for subsequent chemical modifications. The work has different focuses objectives: the use of TOCNFs as structural and functional additives in the paper industry, with the aim of reducing the use of synthetic resins based on polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) and the functionalization of TOCNFs with aminosilanes to obtain nanostructured supports for heterogeneous catalysis. In the paper sector, TOCNFs have improved mechanical strength, internal cohesion and sheet density, showing synergistic effects even at low doses of PAE. The literature confirms that even low concentrations of nanocellulose improve the interaction between fibers and the properties of the foil (Isogai et al., 2011; Boufi et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2022). In the functionalization focus, TOCNFs were covalently functionalized with aminosilanes under mild conditions, maintaining the morphology and crystallinity of the nanofibers. The modified nanofibres were used as carriers for copper ions, creating a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalytic system showed efficiency and reusability in the Cu(I)-catalyzed click reaction between azide and alkyne, producing 1,2,3 triazoles with high yield and regioselectivity. The results confirm the dual role of TOCNFs, both as reinforcers and as functional supports for advanced materials. This research highlights the potential of TOCNFs to replace petrochemical additives and serve as a versatile platform for bio-based catalysis, contributing to green chemistry and the circular economy.
Il crescente bisogno di materiali sostenibili e ad alte prestazioni ha alimentato un forte interesse verso risorse rinnovabili come la nanocellulosa. Questa tesi esplora la valorizzazione della biomassa cellulosica attraverso la produzione, funzionalizzazione e applicazione delle nanofibre di cellulosa ossidata con TEMPO (TOCNF). La cellulosa, biopolimero abbondante, biodegradabile e non tossico, è stata trasformata in materiale nanostrutturato ad alta area superficiale e resistenza meccanica tramite ossidazione mediata da TEMPO. Questo processo introduce selettivamente gruppi carbossilici in posizione C6 delle unità glucosidiche, facilitando la nanofibrillazione senza alterare la cristallinità del materiale. Le TOCNF risultanti mostrano una dispersione stabile in acqua e rappresentano candidati ideali per successive modificazioni chimiche. Il lavoro si articola in due obiettivi principali: il primo è l’impiego delle TOCNF come additivi strutturali e funzionali nell’industria cartaria, con l’obiettivo di ridurre l’uso di resine sintetiche a base di poliammidoammina-epicloridrina (PAE); il secondo è la funzionalizzazione delle TOCNF con aminosilani per ottenere supporti nanostrutturati per la catalisi eterogenea. In ambito cartario, le TOCNF hanno migliorato la resistenza meccanica, la coesione interna e la densità del foglio, mostrando effetti sinergici anche a basse dosi di PAE. La letteratura conferma che anche basse concentrazioni di nanocellulosa migliorano l’interazione tra fibre e le proprietà del foglio (Isogai et al., 2011; Boufi et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2022). Nella seconda parte del lavoro, le TOCNF sono state funzionalizzate covalentemente con aminosilani in condizioni miti, mantenendo la morfologia e la cristallinità delle nanofibre. Le nanofibre modificate sono state utilizzate come supporti per ioni rame, creando un catalizzatore eterogeneo. Il sistema catalitico ha mostrato efficienza e riutilizzabilità nella reazione click Cu(I)-catalizzata tra azide e alchine, producendo triazoli 1,2,3 con alta resa e regioselettività. I risultati confermano il duplice ruolo delle TOCNF, sia come rinforzanti che come supporti funzionali per materiali avanzati. Questa ricerca evidenzia il potenziale delle TOCNF nel sostituire additivi petrolchimici e nel fungere da piattaforma versatile per la catalisi bio-based, contribuendo alla chimica verde e all’economia circolare.
TOCNF for sustanaible papermaking and functional hybrid catalysts
Marrocu, Veronica
2024/2025
Abstract
The growing need for sustainable, high-performance materials has fueled a strong interest in renewable resources such as nanocellulose. This thesis explores the valorization of cellulosic biomass through the production, functionalization and application of TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF). Cellulose, an abundant, biodegradable and non-toxic biopolymer, has been transformed into nanostructured material with high surface area and mechanical strength by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. This process selectively introduces carboxyl groups at the C6 position of the glucosidic units, facilitating nanofibrillation without altering the crystallinity of the material. The resulting TOCNFs show a stable dispersion in water and are ideal candidates for subsequent chemical modifications. The work has different focuses objectives: the use of TOCNFs as structural and functional additives in the paper industry, with the aim of reducing the use of synthetic resins based on polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) and the functionalization of TOCNFs with aminosilanes to obtain nanostructured supports for heterogeneous catalysis. In the paper sector, TOCNFs have improved mechanical strength, internal cohesion and sheet density, showing synergistic effects even at low doses of PAE. The literature confirms that even low concentrations of nanocellulose improve the interaction between fibers and the properties of the foil (Isogai et al., 2011; Boufi et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2022). In the functionalization focus, TOCNFs were covalently functionalized with aminosilanes under mild conditions, maintaining the morphology and crystallinity of the nanofibers. The modified nanofibres were used as carriers for copper ions, creating a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalytic system showed efficiency and reusability in the Cu(I)-catalyzed click reaction between azide and alkyne, producing 1,2,3 triazoles with high yield and regioselectivity. The results confirm the dual role of TOCNFs, both as reinforcers and as functional supports for advanced materials. This research highlights the potential of TOCNFs to replace petrochemical additives and serve as a versatile platform for bio-based catalysis, contributing to green chemistry and the circular economy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_07_Marrocu.pdf
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2025_07_Marrocu_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/240081