Groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems have emerged as promising technology for space heating and cooling, primarily due to their high efficiency and low installation costs. However, in areas with high installation density, thermal interferences between neighboring wells may occur, leading to reduced performance. This thesis analyzes ther- mal plumes generated by open-loop geothermal systems in Milan, focusing on their in- teractions with nearby wells. The study further evaluates and compares the electricity consumption of three groundwater-based system configurations: a stand-alone solution, a fifth-generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) network, and a 5GDHC system integrated with Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage, analyzed within both suburban and city center scenarios. A two-dimensional analytical model was developed in MATLAB to simulate subsurface heat transport and diffusion, generating monthly data over a ten-year period. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying seepage velocity and aquifer thickness, revealing a strong dependence of the results on groundwater veloc- ity. The results show that the thermally affected area is also influenced by the number and displacement of injection wells, as well as by the injected water flow rate. The impact of the thermal plume on electric energy consumption is assessed by comparing system performance under both thermally disturbed and undisturbed conditions. As expected, the 5GDHC coupled with ATES exploits the ground temperature change to improve its performance, the traditional 5GDHC shows no difference from the undisturbed scenario, while the autonomous systems may experience a decline in performance due to the thermal plume. In conclusion, the results underscore the importance of careful design decisions in urban planning and infrastructure development.
I sistemi a pompa di calore geotermica a circuito aperto (Groundwater Heat Pump, GWHP) si sono affermati come una tecnologia promettente per il riscaldamento e il raf- frescamento degli ambienti, principalmente grazie alla loro elevata efficienza e ai bassi costi di installazione. Tuttavia, nelle aree con un’elevata densità di impianti, possono verificarsi interferenze termiche tra pozzi adiacenti, con conseguente peggioramento delle prestazioni. Questa tesi analizza i pennacchi termici generati da sistemi geotermici a cir- cuito aperto nell’area di Milano, concentrandosi sulle interazioni con pozzi limitrofi. Lo studio valuta e confronta inoltre il consumo elettrico di tre configurazioni impiantistiche basate sull’utilizzo delle acque di falda: un sistema autonomo, una rete di teleriscalda- mento e teleraffrescamento di quinta generazione (5GDHC) e un sistema 5GDHC inte- grato con accumulo termico in falda (Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage, ATES), analizzati sia in contesti suburbani che in aree urbane. È stato sviluppato un modello analitico bidimensionale in MATLAB per simulare il trasporto e la diffusione del calore nel sot- tosuolo, generando dati mensili su un arco temporale di dieci anni. Successivamente, è stata condotta un’analisi di sensitività variando la velocità di infiltrazione e lo spessore dell’acquifero, evidenziando una forte dipendenza dei risultati dalla velocità della falda. I risultati mostrano che l’area influenzata da variazioni di temperatura dipende anche dal numero e dalla disposizione dei pozzi di immissione, nonché dalla portata dell’acqua iniet- tata. L’impatto del pennacchio termico sul consumo di energia elettrica è stato valutato confrontando le prestazioni del sistema in condizioni termicamente disturbate e indistur- bate. Come previsto, il sistema 5GDHC integrato con ATES sfrutta le variazioni di tem- peratura del sottosuolo per migliorare le proprie prestazioni; la configurazione 5GDHC tradizionale non mostra differenze rispetto allo scenario indisturbato, mentre i sistemi autonomi possono subire un peggioramento delle prestazioni a causa del pennacchio ter- mico. In conclusione, i risultati sottolineano l’importanza di scelte progettuali accorte nella pianificazione urbana e nello sviluppo delle infrastrutture.
Groundwater flow influence on the feasibility of autonomous and centralized geothermal heat pump systems
Rigamonti, Luca
2024/2025
Abstract
Groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems have emerged as promising technology for space heating and cooling, primarily due to their high efficiency and low installation costs. However, in areas with high installation density, thermal interferences between neighboring wells may occur, leading to reduced performance. This thesis analyzes ther- mal plumes generated by open-loop geothermal systems in Milan, focusing on their in- teractions with nearby wells. The study further evaluates and compares the electricity consumption of three groundwater-based system configurations: a stand-alone solution, a fifth-generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) network, and a 5GDHC system integrated with Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage, analyzed within both suburban and city center scenarios. A two-dimensional analytical model was developed in MATLAB to simulate subsurface heat transport and diffusion, generating monthly data over a ten-year period. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying seepage velocity and aquifer thickness, revealing a strong dependence of the results on groundwater veloc- ity. The results show that the thermally affected area is also influenced by the number and displacement of injection wells, as well as by the injected water flow rate. The impact of the thermal plume on electric energy consumption is assessed by comparing system performance under both thermally disturbed and undisturbed conditions. As expected, the 5GDHC coupled with ATES exploits the ground temperature change to improve its performance, the traditional 5GDHC shows no difference from the undisturbed scenario, while the autonomous systems may experience a decline in performance due to the thermal plume. In conclusion, the results underscore the importance of careful design decisions in urban planning and infrastructure development.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/240193