Voronoi polygons are a flexible way to model lattice structures or biomimetic materials, useful in additive manufacturing design. Cold spray is an emerging manufacturing process, for coatings or part production, where adhesion strength simulation is often needed. In this study, this is done using Voronoi polygons to try and reproduce the microstructure of a deposited cross-section. Cold spray deposition is believed to be based on two mechanisms: mechanical interlocking and metallurgical bonding. When simulating adhesion strength, considering the influence of both can be complex. In literature, for the mechanical anchoring aspect, the focus is often on the interface between substrate and deposit, often without the consideration of defects in the deposited structure, such as porosity or partial bonding. To model metallurgical bonding, the impact of one particle is generally simulated because the simulation of multiple particles to model deposited layers can be computationally intensive. Modelling directly its cross-section with Voronoi polygons could allow the simulation of its adhesion strength: considering both bonding mechanisms, without simulating the impact of multiple particles and accounting for deposition defects. For this model to be accurate, the 2D structure created must be as close as possible to imaging of experimentally obtained cross sections. To do so, Voronoi polygons are randomly scattered and shaped to represent stacked layers of cold spray splats. While mechanical interlocking is considered by the superposition of flattened particles, the partial metallurgical bonding is modelled by the creation of material bridges on the edges between splats, connecting adjacent particles to represent metal-on-metal contacts. They also allow the modelling of deposit porosity or entrapped oxide layers where metallurgical bonding is limited, for example in particles' south poles. The model is tested by comparison with experimental results to see if it can simulate the influence of post-spraying heat treatment. Afterwards, possible applications of the model with cold spray coating design opportunities are presented.
I poligoni di Voronoi sono un modo flessibile per modellare strutture reticolari o materiali biomimetici, utili nella progettazione della fabbricazione additiva. Il spezzo a freddo è un processo di produzione emergente, per i rivestimenti o la produzione di parti, in cui è spesso necessaria la simulazione della forza di adesione. In questo studio, ciò viene fatto utilizzando i poligoni di Voronoi per cercare di riprodurre la microstruttura di una sezione trasversale depositata. Si ritiene che la deposizione a spruzzo a freddo si basi su due meccanismi: l'incastro meccanico e l’incollagio metallurgica. Quando si simula la forza di adesione, considerare l'influenza di entrambi può essere complesso. In letteratura, per quanto riguarda l'aspetto dell'ancoraggio meccanico, l'attenzione si concentra spesso sull'interfaccia tra substrato e deposito, senza considerare i difetti della struttura depositata, come la porosità o l'incollaggio parziale. Per modellare l'incollaggio metallurgico, in genere si simula l'impatto di una sola particella, perché la simulazione degli impatti di più particelle per modellare gli strati depositati può essere computazionalmente intensa. Modellare direttamente la sezione trasversale con poligoni di Voronoi potrebbe consentire la simulazione della forza di adesione, considerando entrambi i meccanismi di legame, senza simulare l'impatto di più particelle e tenendo conto dei difetti di deposizione. Affinché questo modello sia accurato, la struttura 2D creata deve essere il più possibile simile alle immagini delle sezioni trasversali ottenute sperimentalmente. A tal fine, i poligoni di Voronoi sono sparsi e modellati in modo casuale per rappresentare gli strati impilati di spruzzi a freddo. Mentre l'incastro meccanico è considerato dalla sovrapposizione di particelle appiattite, il parziale legame metallurgico è modellato dalla creazione di ponti di materiale sui bordi tra gli splats, che collegano particelle adiacenti per rappresentare i contatti metallo-metallo. Inoltre, consentono di modellare la porosità del deposito o gli strati di ossido intrappolati dove il legame metallurgico è limitato, ad esempio nei poli sud delle particelle. Il modello viene testato confrontandolo con i risultati sperimentali per verificare se è in grado di simulare l'influenza del trattamento termico post-spruzzatura. In seguito, vengono presentate le possibili applicazioni del modello per la progettazione di rivestimenti a spruzzo a freddo.
Creation of a cold spray cross-section adhesion strength model using Voronoi polygons
Leprévost, Maxime Robert Maurice
2024/2025
Abstract
Voronoi polygons are a flexible way to model lattice structures or biomimetic materials, useful in additive manufacturing design. Cold spray is an emerging manufacturing process, for coatings or part production, where adhesion strength simulation is often needed. In this study, this is done using Voronoi polygons to try and reproduce the microstructure of a deposited cross-section. Cold spray deposition is believed to be based on two mechanisms: mechanical interlocking and metallurgical bonding. When simulating adhesion strength, considering the influence of both can be complex. In literature, for the mechanical anchoring aspect, the focus is often on the interface between substrate and deposit, often without the consideration of defects in the deposited structure, such as porosity or partial bonding. To model metallurgical bonding, the impact of one particle is generally simulated because the simulation of multiple particles to model deposited layers can be computationally intensive. Modelling directly its cross-section with Voronoi polygons could allow the simulation of its adhesion strength: considering both bonding mechanisms, without simulating the impact of multiple particles and accounting for deposition defects. For this model to be accurate, the 2D structure created must be as close as possible to imaging of experimentally obtained cross sections. To do so, Voronoi polygons are randomly scattered and shaped to represent stacked layers of cold spray splats. While mechanical interlocking is considered by the superposition of flattened particles, the partial metallurgical bonding is modelled by the creation of material bridges on the edges between splats, connecting adjacent particles to represent metal-on-metal contacts. They also allow the modelling of deposit porosity or entrapped oxide layers where metallurgical bonding is limited, for example in particles' south poles. The model is tested by comparison with experimental results to see if it can simulate the influence of post-spraying heat treatment. Afterwards, possible applications of the model with cold spray coating design opportunities are presented.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/240321