Monumental underground tombs carved out of solid rock such as the Tombs of the Kings in Paphos, Cyprus, are notoriously hard to measure, model and manage, leaving even UNESCO-listed monuments without an accurate architectural record. This thesis tackles that gap for Tomb 7 by designing and testing a fully integrated, multi-sensor survey workflow. The principal goal is to generate a metrically reliable and information-rich baseline record that can underpin research, interpretation and long-term conservation planning. A high-precision geodetic network established with dual-frequency GNSS-RTK and total-station traverses anchored every subsequent dataset. Two RTK/PPK-enabled UAV photogrammetry missions (10 mm and 2.5 mm GSD), 29 phase-shift terrestrial-laser-scanner stations (≈ 1 mm ranging accuracy) and 220 convergent DSLR images were acquired to capture both the exposed architecture and the subterranean chambers; targeted thermography complemented the geometric campaign. All data were co-registered within the national geodetic reference system, achieving point-cloud registration residuals of ≈ 3 mm and horizontal/vertical UAV check-point RMSEs of 6.5 mm. The fused deliverables include milimeter-accurate ortho-images, plans, elevations, longitudinal sections and a textured 3-D mesh of the walking level. Analysis of the composite model clarifies Tomb 7’s 4 by 4 peristyle-atrium layout, confirms its primary construction in the late Hellenistic period with limited Roman reuse of the dromos, and documents unfinished column shafts, burial graves, burial chambers and a ritual well—all previously only partially described. By demonstrating that a rigorously controlled, multi-sensor workflow can capture sub-centimeter geometry in a complex rock-cut context within a single field campaign, the study delivers a transferable methodological template. The resulting “technical drawings” provides a robust baseline for deformation monitoring, HBIM integration and automated change detection, turning static documentation into an active tool for safeguarding vulnerable subterranean heritage.
I monumentali sepolcri ipogei scolpiti nella roccia, come le Tombe dei Re di Pafos (Cipro), sono notoriamente difficili da rilevare, modellare e gestire, tanto che perfino siti iscritti nella Lista del Patrimonio UNESCO spesso non dispongono di un accurato rilievo architettonico. Questa tesi colma la lacuna per la Tomba 7 progettando e testando un flusso di rilievo integrato e multi‑sensore. L’obiettivo principale è produrre una documentazione di base metricamente affidabile e ricca di informazioni, in grado di sostenere ricerca, interpretazione e pianificazione conservativa a lungo termine. Una rete geodetica ad alta precisione, stabilita con GNSS-RTK a doppia frequenza e poligonali di stazione totale, ha vincolato tutti i dataset successivi. Due missioni di fotogrammetria UAV RTK/PPK (GSD di 10 mm e 2,5 mm), 29 stazioni di laser scanner terrestre a sfasamento di fase (precisione di misura ≈ 1 mm) e 220 immagini convergenti DSLR sono state orchestrate per acquisire sia l’architettura esposta sia le camere sotterranee; una termografia mirata ha completato la campagna geometrica. Tutti i dati sono stati coregistrati nel reticolo nazionale, raggiungendo residui di registrazione della nuvola di punti di ≈ 3 mm e un RMSE di 6,5 mm sui punti di controllo UAV orizzontali e verticali. I prodotti fusi includono ortoimmagini, piante, alzati, sezioni longitudinali con accuratezza centimetrica e una mesh 3-D texturizzata del piano di calpestio. L’analisi del modello composito chiarisce la disposizione peristilata 4 × 4 dell’atrio della Tomba 7, conferma la sua costruzione primaria in età ellenistica tarda con un riuso romano limitato del dromos, e documenta fusti di colonne incompiuti, fosse sepolcrali, camere funerarie e un pozzo rituale—elementi tutti in precedenza solo parzialmente descritti. Dimostrando che un flusso di lavoro rigorosamente controllato e basato sulla fusione di sensori può acquisire geometrie sub-centimetriche in un contesto rupestre complesso in una singola campagna di campo, lo studio fornisce un modello metodologico trasferibile. I “disegni tecnici” risultanti offrono una base solida per il monitoraggio delle deformazioni, l’integrazione HBIM e il rilevamento automatico dei cambiamenti, trasformando la documentazione statica in uno strumento attivo per la salvaguardia del fragile patrimonio ipogeo.
Recording, study and analysis of complex geometries of archaeological features: cultural heritage knowledge repository of archaeological site tombs of the Kings in Cyprus : case study tomb7
Mahmoudi, Shaghayegh
2024/2025
Abstract
Monumental underground tombs carved out of solid rock such as the Tombs of the Kings in Paphos, Cyprus, are notoriously hard to measure, model and manage, leaving even UNESCO-listed monuments without an accurate architectural record. This thesis tackles that gap for Tomb 7 by designing and testing a fully integrated, multi-sensor survey workflow. The principal goal is to generate a metrically reliable and information-rich baseline record that can underpin research, interpretation and long-term conservation planning. A high-precision geodetic network established with dual-frequency GNSS-RTK and total-station traverses anchored every subsequent dataset. Two RTK/PPK-enabled UAV photogrammetry missions (10 mm and 2.5 mm GSD), 29 phase-shift terrestrial-laser-scanner stations (≈ 1 mm ranging accuracy) and 220 convergent DSLR images were acquired to capture both the exposed architecture and the subterranean chambers; targeted thermography complemented the geometric campaign. All data were co-registered within the national geodetic reference system, achieving point-cloud registration residuals of ≈ 3 mm and horizontal/vertical UAV check-point RMSEs of 6.5 mm. The fused deliverables include milimeter-accurate ortho-images, plans, elevations, longitudinal sections and a textured 3-D mesh of the walking level. Analysis of the composite model clarifies Tomb 7’s 4 by 4 peristyle-atrium layout, confirms its primary construction in the late Hellenistic period with limited Roman reuse of the dromos, and documents unfinished column shafts, burial graves, burial chambers and a ritual well—all previously only partially described. By demonstrating that a rigorously controlled, multi-sensor workflow can capture sub-centimeter geometry in a complex rock-cut context within a single field campaign, the study delivers a transferable methodological template. The resulting “technical drawings” provides a robust baseline for deformation monitoring, HBIM integration and automated change detection, turning static documentation into an active tool for safeguarding vulnerable subterranean heritage.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/240402