This thesis investigates how platform business model— particularly its three foundational pillars of two-sidedness, indirect network externalities, and intermediation — can be applied to analyze platform cooperatives. Drawing on a structured literature review of 24 peer-reviewed articles, the study explores whether platform cooperatives, despite diverging from for-profit platforms in terms of governance, ownership, and mission, still operate within the structural logics of platform theory. The findings reveal that platform cooperatives retain core platform features but reinterpret them through cooperative values such as democratic governance, mission-aligned growth, and participatory intermediation. Two-sidedness is preserved but roles often blur due to shared ownership structures. Network effects remain relevant but are approached cautiously: while some cooperatives pursue growth and scale, they often face tensions with participatory governance and risk of mission drift; others prioritize trust-based, community-oriented strategies as alternatives. Intermediation is treated as a space for ethical and transparent coordination rather than algorithmic optimization. This reinterpretation enables platform cooperatives to confront its common challenges — including limited scalability and governance complexity — while contributing new perspectives to platform theory. This study shows that platform theory can help us better understand how platform cooperatives work, what challenges they face, and how they differ from traditional platforms. It offers a new way to analyze platform cooperatives using platform business model, helping connect two areas of research.
Questa tesi indaga come il modello di business delle piattaforme – in particolare i suoi tre pilastri fondamentali: bidirezionalità, esternalità di rete indirette e intermediazione – possa essere applicato per analizzare le platform cooperatives. Basandosi su una revisione sistematica della letteratura che include 24 articoli scientifici peer-reviewed, lo studio esplora se le platform cooperatives, pur differenziandosi dalle piattaforme for-profit in termini di governance, proprietà e missione, operino comunque secondo le logiche strutturali della teoria delle piattaforme. I risultati rivelano che le platform cooperatives conservano le caratteristiche centrali delle piattaforme, ma le reinterpretano attraverso i valori cooperativi, come la governance democratica, la crescita allineata alla missione e l’intermediazione partecipativa. La bidirezionalità viene mantenuta, ma i ruoli tendono spesso a sfumare a causa delle strutture proprietarie condivise. Gli effetti di rete restano rilevanti, ma sono affrontati con cautela: alcune cooperative puntano alla crescita e alla scalabilità, ma spesso incontrano tensioni con la governance partecipativa e il rischio di deviazione dalla missione; altre invece privilegiano strategie basate sulla fiducia e orientate alla comunità come alternative. L’intermediazione viene trattata come uno spazio per un coordinamento etico e trasparente, piuttosto che come un ambito da ottimizzare algoritmicamente. Questa reinterpretazione consente alle platform cooperatives di affrontare sfide comuni — come la scalabilità limitata e la complessità della governance — e al contempo di offrire nuovi spunti alla teoria delle piattaforme. Lo studio dimostra che la teoria delle piattaforme può aiutarci a comprendere meglio il funzionamento delle cooperative di piattaforma, le sfide che affrontano e le differenze rispetto alle piattaforme tradizionali. Propone così un nuovo approccio per analizzare le platform cooperatives attraverso il modello di business delle piattaforme, contribuendo a connettere due aree di ricerca.
Are platform cooperatives still platforms? A critical analysis through the lens of platform business model
Ahmadi, Seyed Mohammad Reza
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates how platform business model— particularly its three foundational pillars of two-sidedness, indirect network externalities, and intermediation — can be applied to analyze platform cooperatives. Drawing on a structured literature review of 24 peer-reviewed articles, the study explores whether platform cooperatives, despite diverging from for-profit platforms in terms of governance, ownership, and mission, still operate within the structural logics of platform theory. The findings reveal that platform cooperatives retain core platform features but reinterpret them through cooperative values such as democratic governance, mission-aligned growth, and participatory intermediation. Two-sidedness is preserved but roles often blur due to shared ownership structures. Network effects remain relevant but are approached cautiously: while some cooperatives pursue growth and scale, they often face tensions with participatory governance and risk of mission drift; others prioritize trust-based, community-oriented strategies as alternatives. Intermediation is treated as a space for ethical and transparent coordination rather than algorithmic optimization. This reinterpretation enables platform cooperatives to confront its common challenges — including limited scalability and governance complexity — while contributing new perspectives to platform theory. This study shows that platform theory can help us better understand how platform cooperatives work, what challenges they face, and how they differ from traditional platforms. It offers a new way to analyze platform cooperatives using platform business model, helping connect two areas of research.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/240425