During space missions, the absence of gravity induces a progressive cardiovascular deconditioning that can compromise hemodynamic function. To study these effects, the European Space Agency has promoted 60-day Head-Down Bed Rest (HDBR) protocols. This thesis analyzes the hemodynamic parameters obtained from 2D and 4D Flow MRI images in volunteer subjects exposed to this condition, evaluating the impact of artificial gravity countermeasures (iAG, cAG) compared to a control group, and also including the comparison with an astronaut after a 10-day space flight. The data, acquired by the AGBRESA (2D, 4D), RSL (2D) and astronaut campaigns, were analyzed using the dedicated CAAS software, manually processing over 280 PC-MRI images. The processing was followed by the export and automatic normalization of the CSV files through a specially developed VBA module, capable of reorganizing the datasets and calculating in an innovative way the vector average of the Wall Shear Stress (WSS), starting from 90 perimeter points on each plane, as an alternative to the traditional method based on medians of scalar values. The data thus processed were also used to calculate the OSI index, through MATLAB. Summary graphs and tables were produced for each subject, initially consolidated by group and subsequently also by campaign. The statistical analysis followed, which included the selection of the datasets, normality tests, intra-group and inter-group comparisons through parametric or non-parametric tests, followed by post-hoc tests, where necessary. The results were summarized through box plots for subject, group and campaign, as well as for the astronaut, allowing cross-sectional observations between the various campaigns. Finally, an objective method was proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the countermeasures compared to the control group. The comparison between the groups showed that CTRL allows a good functional recovery in absence of AG, but without adequate protection of WSS or Backward Flow. iAG is the most balanced option vs the improvement offered by cAG.
Durante le missioni spaziali, l’assenza di gravità induce un progressivo decondizionamento cardiovascolare che può compromettere la funzione emodinamica. Per studiare questi effetti, l’Agenzia Spaziale Europea ha promosso protocolli di Head-Down Bed Rest (HDBR) della durata di 60 giorni. Questa tesi analizza i parametri emodinamici ottenuti da immagini 2D e 4D Flow MRI in soggetti volontari esposti a tale condizione, valutando l’impatto di contromisure di gravità artificiale (iAG, cAG) rispetto a un gruppo di controllo, e includendo anche il confronto con un astronauta dopo un volo spaziale di 10 giorni. I dati, acquisiti dalle campagne AGBRESA (2D, 4D), RSL (2D) e dall’astronauta, sono stati analizzati tramite il software dedicato CAAS, elaborando manualmente oltre 280 immagini PC-MRI. All’elaborazione è seguita l’esportazione e la normalizzazione automatizzata dei file CSV tramite un modulo VBA sviluppato appositamente, in grado di riorganizzare i dataset e calcolare in modo innovativo la media vettoriale del Wall Shear Stress (WSS), a partire da 90 punti perimetrali su ciascun piano, in alternativa al metodo tradizionale basato su mediane di valori scalari. I dati così elaborati sono stati inoltre utilizzati per il calcolo dell’indice OSI, tramite MATLAB. Grafici e tabelle riepilogative sono stati prodotti per ciascun soggetto, consolidati inizialmente per gruppo e successivamente anche per campagna. È seguita l’analisi statistica, che ha incluso la selezione dei dataset, test di normalità, confronti intra-gruppo e inter-gruppo tramite test parametrici o non parametrici, seguiti da test post-hoc, ove necessario. I risultati sono stati sintetizzati mediante box plot per soggetto, gruppo e campagna, oltre che per l’astronauta, permettendo osservazioni trasversali tra le varie campagne. È stato infine proposto un metodo oggettivo per valutare l’efficacia delle contromisure rispetto al gruppo di controllo. Il confronto tra i gruppi ha mostrato che CTRL permette un buon recupero funzionale anche in assenza di AG, ma senza adeguata protezione del WSS e Backward Flow. iAG è l’opzione più bilanciata rispetto alla contromisura cAG.
2D and 4D flow MRI analysis of hemodynamic changes during simulated microgravity exposure induced by 60-days head-down bed rest
MACCAGNO, DANIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
During space missions, the absence of gravity induces a progressive cardiovascular deconditioning that can compromise hemodynamic function. To study these effects, the European Space Agency has promoted 60-day Head-Down Bed Rest (HDBR) protocols. This thesis analyzes the hemodynamic parameters obtained from 2D and 4D Flow MRI images in volunteer subjects exposed to this condition, evaluating the impact of artificial gravity countermeasures (iAG, cAG) compared to a control group, and also including the comparison with an astronaut after a 10-day space flight. The data, acquired by the AGBRESA (2D, 4D), RSL (2D) and astronaut campaigns, were analyzed using the dedicated CAAS software, manually processing over 280 PC-MRI images. The processing was followed by the export and automatic normalization of the CSV files through a specially developed VBA module, capable of reorganizing the datasets and calculating in an innovative way the vector average of the Wall Shear Stress (WSS), starting from 90 perimeter points on each plane, as an alternative to the traditional method based on medians of scalar values. The data thus processed were also used to calculate the OSI index, through MATLAB. Summary graphs and tables were produced for each subject, initially consolidated by group and subsequently also by campaign. The statistical analysis followed, which included the selection of the datasets, normality tests, intra-group and inter-group comparisons through parametric or non-parametric tests, followed by post-hoc tests, where necessary. The results were summarized through box plots for subject, group and campaign, as well as for the astronaut, allowing cross-sectional observations between the various campaigns. Finally, an objective method was proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the countermeasures compared to the control group. The comparison between the groups showed that CTRL allows a good functional recovery in absence of AG, but without adequate protection of WSS or Backward Flow. iAG is the most balanced option vs the improvement offered by cAG.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Classical_Format_Thesis___Scuola_di_Ingegneria_Industriale_e_dell_Informazione___Politecnico_di_Milano.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Dimensione
24.09 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
24.09 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
Executive_Summary___Scuola_di_Ingegneria_Industriale_e_dell_Informazione___Politecnico_di_Milano.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Dimensione
2.24 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.24 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/241062