Engineering needs to overcome the limits of current technologies and provide innovation in the field of microelectronics and sound acquisition, so the search for improvement in terms of miniaturization, energy efficiency and sound quality has become fundamental. This represents the main motivation of the rapid replacement of the traditional microphones by MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) microphones in many applications. Starting with an in-depth look at MEMS and their manufacture, the paper analyses how microphones have evolved, leading to a comparison between MEMS and traditional microphones. Subsequently, attention is focused on how MEMS microphones work, their characteristics (sensitivity, directionality, SNR, acoustic dynamic range, frequency response) and the various existing types (piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, optical). A further focus is made on MEMS microphone fabrication technologies, delving into capacitive, dual membrane and dual chip microphones. The ultimate aim of this thesis is to analyze the future goals of the MEMS microphone market in the coming years, using examples of applications from the various manufacturers and a market analysis. In particular, four main aspects are examined: • the use in Gen AI • miniaturization, integration with other sensors and energy efficiency • innovation in healthcare • the future eco-sustainable impact In conclusion, it is pointed out that continued research is helping to reduce costs and improve scalability, making these devices more accessible and widespread in a wide range of business and consumer sectors, and that the expansion of the IoT (Internet of Things) ecosystem has influenced the demand for MEMS microphones in the global market, predicting exponential development over the coming decades.
Con l’esigenza di superare i limiti delle attuali tecnologie e fornire un’innovazione nel campo della microelettronica e dell’acquisizione sonora, è passata in primo piano la ricerca di un miglioramento in termini di miniaturizzazione, efficienza energetica e qualità del suono, motivazione per cui i microfoni MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) stanno rapidamente sostituendo i microfoni tradizionali in molte applicazioni. Partendo da un approfondimento sui MEMS e sulla loro fabbricazione, viene analizzata all’interno dell’elaborato quale sia stata l’evoluzione dei microfoni che porta ad un confronto tra quelli MEMS e quelli tradizionali. Successivamente, viene focalizzata l’attenzione sul funzionamento dei microfoni MEMS, sulle loro caratteristiche (sensibilità, direzionalità, SNR, gamma dinamica acustica, risposta in frequenza) e sulle varie tipologie esistenti (piezoelettrici, piezoresistivi, capacitivi, ottici). Un focus ulteriore viene fatto sulle tecnologie di fabbricazione dei microfoni MEMS, approfondendo quelli capacitivi, quelli a doppia membrana e quelli a doppio chip. Lo scopo ultimo di questa tesi è quello di analizzare gli obiettivi futuri che il mercato dei microfoni MEMS si pone per i prossimi anni, sfruttando esempi di applicazioni dei diversi produttori e un’analisi di mercato. In particolare, vengono esaminati quattro aspetti principali: • l’utilizzo nella Gen AI • la miniaturizzazione, l’integrazione con altri sensori e l’efficienza energetica • l’innovazione in campo sanitario • l’impatto eco-sostenibile futuro In conclusione, viene fatto presente che la continua ricerca contribuisce a ridurre costi e a migliorare la scalabilità, rendendo questi dispositivi più accessibili e diffusi in una vasta gamma di settori aziendali e nell’ambito dei consumers e che, grazie all’espansione dell’ecosistema IoT (Internet of Things), è stata influenzata la domanda di microfoni MEMS nel mercato globale, prevedendo uno sviluppo esponenziale per i prossimi decenni.
Microfoni MEMS: tecnologie, stato dell’arte, applicazione e prospettive
Capaldi, Antonio
2024/2025
Abstract
Engineering needs to overcome the limits of current technologies and provide innovation in the field of microelectronics and sound acquisition, so the search for improvement in terms of miniaturization, energy efficiency and sound quality has become fundamental. This represents the main motivation of the rapid replacement of the traditional microphones by MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) microphones in many applications. Starting with an in-depth look at MEMS and their manufacture, the paper analyses how microphones have evolved, leading to a comparison between MEMS and traditional microphones. Subsequently, attention is focused on how MEMS microphones work, their characteristics (sensitivity, directionality, SNR, acoustic dynamic range, frequency response) and the various existing types (piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, optical). A further focus is made on MEMS microphone fabrication technologies, delving into capacitive, dual membrane and dual chip microphones. The ultimate aim of this thesis is to analyze the future goals of the MEMS microphone market in the coming years, using examples of applications from the various manufacturers and a market analysis. In particular, four main aspects are examined: • the use in Gen AI • miniaturization, integration with other sensors and energy efficiency • innovation in healthcare • the future eco-sustainable impact In conclusion, it is pointed out that continued research is helping to reduce costs and improve scalability, making these devices more accessible and widespread in a wide range of business and consumer sectors, and that the expansion of the IoT (Internet of Things) ecosystem has influenced the demand for MEMS microphones in the global market, predicting exponential development over the coming decades.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_Capaldi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/242299