The biogas sector represents a significant but underdeveloped opportunity for developing countries. This thesis analyzes its potential for off-grid power generation through a comprehensive literature review that examines the current state of the technology as well as the main barriers to its deployment, including technical limitations, infrastructure gaps, feedstock supply chains, and social and informational challenges. Given the limited spread of biogas-based off-grid electricity production, the study also explores whether biogas is more suitable for clean cooking applications. The findings suggest that the clean cooking sector is comparatively more advanced, as reflected in the broader availability of literature and practical experiences. Building on this review, the thesis examines the specific case of Kenya, engaging stakeholders in the energy sector and drawing on reports from the Ministry of Energy and Africa Bioenergy Program Limited, one of the country’s pioneering biogas companies. These sources highlight that Kenya, like many Sub-Saharan African countries, is not yet prepared for the widespread implementation of biogas-based off-grid power systems. However, progress in the clean cooking sector is evident, even though several barriers remain. Interestingly, many of these barriers overlap with those affecting biogas power production. The study concludes that it is more effective to prioritize the full development of the clean cooking biogas sector before advancing towards off-grid electricity generation. By addressing these challenges first, countries like Kenya can build the necessary foundation in terms of infrastructure, market readiness, and social acceptance, ultimately paving the way for broader applications of biogas in the energy transition.
Il settore del biogas rappresenta un’opportunità significativa ma ancora poco sviluppata per i Paesi in via di sviluppo. Questa tesi analizza il suo potenziale per la produzione di energia off-grid attraverso una revisione della letteratura che prende in esame lo stato attuale della tecnologia e le principali barriere alla sua diffusione, tra cui limitazioni tecniche, carenze infrastrutturali, catene di approvvigionamento del feedstock, oltre a ostacoli di natura sociale e informativa. Considerata la diffusione ancora limitata della produzione elettrica off-grid a biogas, lo studio esplora anche se tale risorsa possa risultare più adatta al settore del clean cooking. I risultati evidenziano come quest’ultimo sia relativamente più avanzato, come dimostrato dalla maggiore disponibilità di letteratura e di esperienze pratiche. Partendo da questa analisi, la tesi approfondisce il caso specifico del Kenya, coinvolgendo stakeholder del settore energetico e utilizzando rapporti del Ministero dell’Energia e di Africa Bioenergy Program Limited, una delle aziende pioniere del biogas nel Paese. Da queste fonti emerge che il Kenya, così come molti altri Paesi dell’Africa sub-sahariana, non sia ancora pronto per un’implementazione su media-larga scala di sistemi off-grid basati sul biogas. Tuttavia, si osservano progressi significativi nel settore del clean cooking, sebbene permangano diverse barriere. È interessante notare come molte di queste difficoltà coincidano con quelle che ostacolano l’uso del biogas per la produzione elettrica. Lo studio conclude che sia più opportuno dare priorità allo sviluppo del settore della cottura pulita a biogas prima di avanzare verso l’elettrificazione off-grid. Superare queste sfide in un primo momento permetterà infatti di creare le basi necessarie in termini di infrastrutture, maturità del mercato e accettazione sociale, aprendo successivamente la strada a un’applicazione più ampia del biogas nella transizione energetica.
Barriers to scale-up of biogas technologies for rural areas in Africa - evidence from rural Kenya
GRIGIONI, MAXIM
2024/2025
Abstract
The biogas sector represents a significant but underdeveloped opportunity for developing countries. This thesis analyzes its potential for off-grid power generation through a comprehensive literature review that examines the current state of the technology as well as the main barriers to its deployment, including technical limitations, infrastructure gaps, feedstock supply chains, and social and informational challenges. Given the limited spread of biogas-based off-grid electricity production, the study also explores whether biogas is more suitable for clean cooking applications. The findings suggest that the clean cooking sector is comparatively more advanced, as reflected in the broader availability of literature and practical experiences. Building on this review, the thesis examines the specific case of Kenya, engaging stakeholders in the energy sector and drawing on reports from the Ministry of Energy and Africa Bioenergy Program Limited, one of the country’s pioneering biogas companies. These sources highlight that Kenya, like many Sub-Saharan African countries, is not yet prepared for the widespread implementation of biogas-based off-grid power systems. However, progress in the clean cooking sector is evident, even though several barriers remain. Interestingly, many of these barriers overlap with those affecting biogas power production. The study concludes that it is more effective to prioritize the full development of the clean cooking biogas sector before advancing towards off-grid electricity generation. By addressing these challenges first, countries like Kenya can build the necessary foundation in terms of infrastructure, market readiness, and social acceptance, ultimately paving the way for broader applications of biogas in the energy transition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/242805