The thesis develops across four main research areas. The first serves as an introductory section, intended to establish a general framework of the museum both as a cultural institution and as a medium of collective communication. Its objective is to guide the reader toward the subject of exhibition design for objects that are particularly fragile and culturally significant. To this end, it offers an analysis of the historical transformations of the museum, its evolving social functions, and the display practices that have accompanied its development as a multifunctional space of knowledge, memory, and participation. The second section narrows the focus to the display of human remains, examined from both a technical and a conceptual perspective. On the one hand, it addresses the conservation requirements necessary to safeguard the material integrity of such fragile specimens; on the other, it investigates the ethical, cultural, and social questions raised by their public presentation. This dual perspective leads to a broader reflection on the importance of designing museum environments that are not only adequate for conservation purposes but also capable of fostering respectful and conscious communication. At the same time, these environments must provide an educational experience that emphasizes the human and narrative dimensions inherent in the objects on display. The third section turns to the analysis of a specific Italian case: the Egyptian Museum in Turin. This institution constitutes a particularly significant point of reference for understanding the exhibition strategies employed in the display of mummified human remains—objects that embody both the religious practices and the conceptions of the afterlife of an ancient civilization. The museographic approach adopted by the curatorial team seeks to reconcile the transmission of knowledge with the responsibility to treat the bodies of the deceased with dignity, thereby framing the exhibition as a deliberate and thoughtful act of communication. Within this context, the engagement with the theme of death enables not only a confrontation with deeply human concerns but also a reflection on social norms, contemporary sensibilities, and the communicative strategies most appropriate for a broad and heterogeneous audience. The fourth section turns to a specific English case: the British Museum in London, with particular reference to its Egyptian Department. This institution stands as one of the most emblematic examples within the international debate on the exhibition of human remains, both for the vastness of its collections and for the diversity of approaches that have been adopted over time. Its curatorial policy seeks to balance educational aims, conservation requirements, and ethical considerations. Human remains—whether Egyptian mummies or bodies recovered from European archaeological contexts—are presented with close attention to their historical and cultural significance, accompanied by detailed, contextualized explanatory materials. The chosen approach is designed to stimulate critical reflection on themes such as death, memory, and cultural identity, thereby transforming the exhibition into an opportunity for conscious learning and intercultural dialogue The research thus positions itself as a contribution to the identification of criteria and design methodologies for the display of culturally sensitive heritage. Within this framework, architecture emerges as a decisive factor, shaping the visitor’s social and cultural perception. Designing spaces for the exhibition of human remains constitutes a multidisciplinary undertaking that demands the integration of technical expertise, artistic sensibility, and ethical awareness, since the visitor’s encounter with the displayed object remains central. The study underscores the understanding of the museum as a site of dialogue between past and present, moving beyond the traditional conception of a static repository to embrace the role of a dynamic environment for learning, exchange, and participation. From this perspective, museum architecture is not merely a matter of form but also an act of social responsibility: it becomes the medium through which the memory of the deceased is preserved and conveyed, creating both emotional and cognitive connections that encourage reflection on the fundamental meaning of humanity, death, and respect for lives that came before our own. The thesis therefore examines the relationship between visitors and the display of human remains in the two museums under consideration, with particular attention to perceptions, emotional responses, and ethical implications. The topic is highly relevant within contemporary debates, as it lies at the sensitive intersection of scientific knowledge, cultural awareness, and respect for human dignity. The analysis investigates how visitors interpret the presence of human remains on display—whether skeletons, mummies, or preserved bodies—and how these encounters shape their overall museum experience. Considering the variety of exhibition contexts, the findings indicate that most visitors acknowledge the considerable educational and historical value of such remains, while simultaneously expressing the expectation that they be presented with sensitivity and respect. Emotional involvement appears to be heightened when the remains are particularly well preserved or identifiable as belonging to specific individuals, whereas discomfort tends to arise in cases where narrative framing or information about provenance and treatment is lacking. It follows that the legitimacy and cultural significance of these displays rely on a delicate balance between scientific objectives, testimonial value, and public sensibilities. For this reason, the adoption of museum practices informed by transparent ethical guidelines, strategies of cultural mediation, and—where feasible—the involvement of relevant communities is proposed. With this research, I aim to contribute to a critical reflection on the role of the museum as a space of dialogue between past and present, knowledge and conscience, science and humanity.
L’argomento di tesi che di seguito affronterò, si articola in quattro ambiti di ricerca. Il primo costituisce una fase introduttiva volta a fornire un inquadramento generale del museo come spazio culturale e strumento di comunicazione collettiva. L’intento è quello di avvicinare il lettore al tema della progettazione espositiva di reperti particolarmente delicati e culturalmente significativi, offrendo un’analisi delle trasformazioni storiche del museo, delle sue funzioni sociali e delle modalità di allestimento che ne hanno accompagnato l’evoluzione come luogo polifunzionale di conoscenza, memoria e partecipazione. La seconda parte sposta l’attenzione sul tema dell’esposizione dei resti umani, mediante una prospettiva più specifica e tecnica. In questa fase si analizzano da un lato i requisiti conservativi necessari per garantire la tutela fisica di reperti fragili come quelli umani, dall’altro si approfondiscono le implicazioni etiche, culturali e sociali che tale esposizione comporta. Si riflette così sull’importanza di creare ambienti museali che siano, non solo adeguati alla conservazione, ma anche capaci di comunicare attraverso rispetto e consapevolezza, offrendo altresì un’esperienza educativa che valorizzi la dimensione umana e narrativa degli oggetti esposti. La terza parte è dedicata all’analisi di un caso concreto italiano: il Museo Egizio di Torino. Questa istituzione rappresenta un esempio significativo per comprendere le strategie espositive adottate in presenza di resti umani mummificati, reperti che incarnano pratiche religiose e concezioni dell’aldilà appartenenti ad una civiltà del passato. L’approccio museografico scelto dai curatori mira a coniugare la necessità di trasmettere conoscenze con la responsabilità di trattare i corpi dei defunti con dignità, rendendo l’allestimento un atto di comunicazione consapevole. In questo contesto, affrontare il tema della morte permette non solo di entrare in contatto con aspetti profondamente umani, ma anche di interrogarsi su norme sociali, sensibilità contemporanee e linguaggi appropriati destinati ad un pubblico ampio e variegato. La quarta parte è dedicata all’indagine di un caso concreto inglese: il British Museum di Londra, in particolare la sua Sezione Egizia. Essa rappresenta uno dei casi più emblematici nel dibattito internazionale sull’esposizione dei resti umani, per l’ampiezza delle sue collezioni e per la varietà di approcci espositivi adottati nel tempo. La sua politica museale si fonda su un equilibrio tra finalità educative, esigenze conservative e sensibilità etica: i resti umani, come le mummie egizie o i corpi rinvenuti in contesti archeologici europei, vengono esposti con attenzione alla loro dimensione storica e culturale, accompagnati da apparati didascalici dettagliati e contestualizzanti. L’approccio adottato mira a promuovere una riflessione critica sui temi della morte, della memoria e dell’identità culturale, trasformando l’esposizione in un’occasione di apprendimento consapevole e di confronto interculturale. La ricerca si configura quindi come un contributo utile a individuare criteri e strumenti progettuali con cui valorizzare il patrimonio culturalmente sensibile: l’architettura, in questo senso, assume un ruolo centrale, in quanto capace di orientare la percezione sociale e culturale del visitatore. Progettare spazi per l’esposizione di resti umani comporta infatti una sfida multidisciplinare, che richiede il coordinamento di competenze tecniche, sensibilità artistica e attenzione al contesto etico: difatti è sostanziale il rapporto che ha il visitatore con l’opera esposta. Durante il lavoro svolto è emersa con forza la consapevolezza del museo come luogo di dialogo tra passato e presente, capace di superare l’idea tradizionale di spazio statico per trasformarsi in un ambiente dinamico di apprendimento, confronto e partecipazione. In questa prospettiva, l’architettura museale non è solo una questione formale, ma un atto di responsabilità sociale: accoglie e restituisce la memoria dei defunti, creando connessioni emotive e cognitive che invitano alla riflessione sul significato profondo dell’umanità, della morte e del rispetto per le vite che ci hanno preceduto. La tesi analizza dunque il rapporto dei visitatori con l’esposizione dei resti umani nei due musei presi in esame, concentrandosi su percezioni, reazioni emotive e implicazioni etiche. L’argomento è di grande attualità nel dibattito contemporaneo, in quanto coinvolge la delicata intersezione tra conoscenza scientifica, sensibilità culturale e rispetto per la persona umana. Lo studio esplora come i visitatori interpretino la presenza di resti umani esposti quali scheletri, mummie o corpi conservati e come tali esposizioni influenzino la loro esperienza museale. Prendendo in considerazione contesti espositivi differenti, emerge che la maggioranza dei visitatori riconosce l’alto valore educativo e storico di tali reperti, ma allo stesso tempo esprime l’esigenza che essi vengano presentati con sensibilità e rispetto. Il coinvolgimento emotivo del pubblico aumenta in presenza di resti particolarmente integri o riconoscibili come appartenenti a individui specifici, mentre il disagio cresce in assenza di un contesto narrativo chiaro o di indicazioni sull’origine e sul trattamento dei reperti. Ne consegue che la legittimità e l’efficacia culturale di tali esposizioni dipendono da un attento bilanciamento tra finalità scientifiche, valore testimoniale e sensibilità del pubblico. Si propone, pertanto, l’adozione di linee guida museali basate su criteri etici trasparenti, sulla mediazione culturale e sulla partecipazione, quando possibile, delle comunità di riferimento. Con questo elaborato intendo apportare il mio personale contributo per una riflessione critica sul ruolo del museo come spazio di confronto tra passato e presente, conoscenza e coscienza, scienza e umanità.
Esposizione di resti umani: etica ed allestimento museale, l'indagine tra il Museo Egizio di Torino ed il British Museum di Londra
Contini, Francesca Maria
2024/2025
Abstract
The thesis develops across four main research areas. The first serves as an introductory section, intended to establish a general framework of the museum both as a cultural institution and as a medium of collective communication. Its objective is to guide the reader toward the subject of exhibition design for objects that are particularly fragile and culturally significant. To this end, it offers an analysis of the historical transformations of the museum, its evolving social functions, and the display practices that have accompanied its development as a multifunctional space of knowledge, memory, and participation. The second section narrows the focus to the display of human remains, examined from both a technical and a conceptual perspective. On the one hand, it addresses the conservation requirements necessary to safeguard the material integrity of such fragile specimens; on the other, it investigates the ethical, cultural, and social questions raised by their public presentation. This dual perspective leads to a broader reflection on the importance of designing museum environments that are not only adequate for conservation purposes but also capable of fostering respectful and conscious communication. At the same time, these environments must provide an educational experience that emphasizes the human and narrative dimensions inherent in the objects on display. The third section turns to the analysis of a specific Italian case: the Egyptian Museum in Turin. This institution constitutes a particularly significant point of reference for understanding the exhibition strategies employed in the display of mummified human remains—objects that embody both the religious practices and the conceptions of the afterlife of an ancient civilization. The museographic approach adopted by the curatorial team seeks to reconcile the transmission of knowledge with the responsibility to treat the bodies of the deceased with dignity, thereby framing the exhibition as a deliberate and thoughtful act of communication. Within this context, the engagement with the theme of death enables not only a confrontation with deeply human concerns but also a reflection on social norms, contemporary sensibilities, and the communicative strategies most appropriate for a broad and heterogeneous audience. The fourth section turns to a specific English case: the British Museum in London, with particular reference to its Egyptian Department. This institution stands as one of the most emblematic examples within the international debate on the exhibition of human remains, both for the vastness of its collections and for the diversity of approaches that have been adopted over time. Its curatorial policy seeks to balance educational aims, conservation requirements, and ethical considerations. Human remains—whether Egyptian mummies or bodies recovered from European archaeological contexts—are presented with close attention to their historical and cultural significance, accompanied by detailed, contextualized explanatory materials. The chosen approach is designed to stimulate critical reflection on themes such as death, memory, and cultural identity, thereby transforming the exhibition into an opportunity for conscious learning and intercultural dialogue The research thus positions itself as a contribution to the identification of criteria and design methodologies for the display of culturally sensitive heritage. Within this framework, architecture emerges as a decisive factor, shaping the visitor’s social and cultural perception. Designing spaces for the exhibition of human remains constitutes a multidisciplinary undertaking that demands the integration of technical expertise, artistic sensibility, and ethical awareness, since the visitor’s encounter with the displayed object remains central. The study underscores the understanding of the museum as a site of dialogue between past and present, moving beyond the traditional conception of a static repository to embrace the role of a dynamic environment for learning, exchange, and participation. From this perspective, museum architecture is not merely a matter of form but also an act of social responsibility: it becomes the medium through which the memory of the deceased is preserved and conveyed, creating both emotional and cognitive connections that encourage reflection on the fundamental meaning of humanity, death, and respect for lives that came before our own. The thesis therefore examines the relationship between visitors and the display of human remains in the two museums under consideration, with particular attention to perceptions, emotional responses, and ethical implications. The topic is highly relevant within contemporary debates, as it lies at the sensitive intersection of scientific knowledge, cultural awareness, and respect for human dignity. The analysis investigates how visitors interpret the presence of human remains on display—whether skeletons, mummies, or preserved bodies—and how these encounters shape their overall museum experience. Considering the variety of exhibition contexts, the findings indicate that most visitors acknowledge the considerable educational and historical value of such remains, while simultaneously expressing the expectation that they be presented with sensitivity and respect. Emotional involvement appears to be heightened when the remains are particularly well preserved or identifiable as belonging to specific individuals, whereas discomfort tends to arise in cases where narrative framing or information about provenance and treatment is lacking. It follows that the legitimacy and cultural significance of these displays rely on a delicate balance between scientific objectives, testimonial value, and public sensibilities. For this reason, the adoption of museum practices informed by transparent ethical guidelines, strategies of cultural mediation, and—where feasible—the involvement of relevant communities is proposed. With this research, I aim to contribute to a critical reflection on the role of the museum as a space of dialogue between past and present, knowledge and conscience, science and humanity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243271