Radiological characterisation is a crucial step in the management of radioactive waste. It involves determining the nature, location, and concentration of radionuclides through sampling, processing and analysis. A key challenge of radiological characterisation is the quantification of difficult-to-measure (DTM) radionuclides, which require selective radiochemical separation from interfering nuclides to obtain accurate results. Among these, 99Tc is a key DTM for safety assessments, being a long-lived pure β- emitter with high mobility under disposal conditions. Several radioanalytical methods are available for its determination, although often expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the need for new cost-effective, rapid, and accurate methods which could be applied to complex matrices is evident. In this thesis work, carried out in the framework of the EURAD-2 partnership (WP ICARUS), a new method was developed for the non-radiometric determination of 99Tc in spent ion exchange resins (SIERs), which are generated by the nuclear industry. The development of the method begins with the preparation of a representative surrogate waste sample containing the principal matrix elements (Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, B), 99Tc, and its mass spectrometry (MS) interferents (Co, Mo, and Ru). The surrogate traced sample underwent microwave digestion followed by a fast and cost-effective purification process, consisting of a precipitation step and ion-exchange chromatography, to remove interferents and matrix components. A chemical yield for 99Tc of approximately 100% was achieved, and more than 99.9% of interferents were removed at the end of the procedure. The purified samples were then measured by MS to determine the activity of 99Tc, showing an agreement within ±10% with reference values . Following optimization of the purification step, the minimum detectable activities (MDAs) were reduced from approximately 1000 Bq/g to 80 Bq/g. These values are consistent with the classification of SIERs as intermediate level waste, not subject to clearance. Future developments will focus on validation of the method with real waste samples and on further reduction of the MDA.
La caratterizzazione radiologica rappresenta una fase cruciale nella gestione dei rifiuti radioattivi. Essa consiste nella determinazione della natura, localizzazione e concentrazione dei radionuclidi attraverso campionamento, trattamento ed analisi. Un suo obiettivo fondamentale è la quantificazione dei cosiddetti radionuclidi difficili da misurare (DTM), che richiedono una separazione radiochimica selettiva dagli interferenti. Tra questi, il 99Tc è considerato un DTM chiave per le valutazioni di sicurezza essendo un emettitore β puro a lunga emivita ed elevata mobilità. Attualmente sono disponibili diversi metodi radioanalitici per la sua determinazione, che risultano però spesso complessi e costosi. È quindi evidente la necessità di nuove procedure di analisi rapide, accurate e meno costose che siano applicabili a matrici complesse. In questa tesi, sviluppata nell’ambito della collaborazione EURAD-2 (WP ICARUS), è stato messo a punto un nuovo metodo per la misura non radiometrica del 99Tc in resine a scambio ionico esauste generate dall’industria nucleare. Si è preparato un campione surrogato rappresentativo, contenente i principali elementi della matrice (Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, B), 99Tc e i suoi interferenti in spettrometria di massa (MS), ovvero Co, Mo e Ru. Il campione tracciato è stato sottoposto a digestione acida in microonde, seguita da un processo di purificazione rapido ed economico per rimuovere gli interferenti, costituito da uno stadio di precipitazione e da cromatografia a scambio ionico. Si è ottenuta una resa chimica per il 99Tc prossima al 100% e rimozione di >99.9% di Co e Ru, i principali interferenti. I campioni purificati sono stati analizzati mediante MS per determinare l’attività di 99Tc, mostrando un eccellente accuratezza entro il ±10%. In seguito all’ottimizzazione della purificazione, le attività minime rivelabili (MDA) sono state ridotte da circa 1000 Bq/g a 80 Bq/g. Questi valori, pur essendo distanti dai livelli di allontanamento, sono compatibili con la classificazione delle SIERs come rifiuti di attività intermedia. Gli sviluppi futuri saranno rivolti alla validazione del metodo su campioni reali e ad un’ulteriore riduzione delle MDA.
Development of a non-radiometric method for the determination of 99Tc in spent ion exchange resins
VAILATI, MIRCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Radiological characterisation is a crucial step in the management of radioactive waste. It involves determining the nature, location, and concentration of radionuclides through sampling, processing and analysis. A key challenge of radiological characterisation is the quantification of difficult-to-measure (DTM) radionuclides, which require selective radiochemical separation from interfering nuclides to obtain accurate results. Among these, 99Tc is a key DTM for safety assessments, being a long-lived pure β- emitter with high mobility under disposal conditions. Several radioanalytical methods are available for its determination, although often expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the need for new cost-effective, rapid, and accurate methods which could be applied to complex matrices is evident. In this thesis work, carried out in the framework of the EURAD-2 partnership (WP ICARUS), a new method was developed for the non-radiometric determination of 99Tc in spent ion exchange resins (SIERs), which are generated by the nuclear industry. The development of the method begins with the preparation of a representative surrogate waste sample containing the principal matrix elements (Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, B), 99Tc, and its mass spectrometry (MS) interferents (Co, Mo, and Ru). The surrogate traced sample underwent microwave digestion followed by a fast and cost-effective purification process, consisting of a precipitation step and ion-exchange chromatography, to remove interferents and matrix components. A chemical yield for 99Tc of approximately 100% was achieved, and more than 99.9% of interferents were removed at the end of the procedure. The purified samples were then measured by MS to determine the activity of 99Tc, showing an agreement within ±10% with reference values . Following optimization of the purification step, the minimum detectable activities (MDAs) were reduced from approximately 1000 Bq/g to 80 Bq/g. These values are consistent with the classification of SIERs as intermediate level waste, not subject to clearance. Future developments will focus on validation of the method with real waste samples and on further reduction of the MDA.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_Vailati_Tesi.pdf
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2025_10_Vailati_executive summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243352