Lago di Varese, located in the province of Varese, has undergone substantial changes over the years due to various anthropogenic pressures, especially the release of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. These human activities have led to a significant increase in phosphorus levels, which has been a major factor in the eutrophication of the lake. The excess phosphorus promotes the growth of algae and aquatic plants, leading to reduced oxygen levels, water quality degradation, and a loss of biodiversity, severely affecting the health of the entire ecosystem. In the past, these issues were exacerbated by inadequate waste management systems, which allowed untreated effluents to enter the waterbody, further fueling the problem. In response to these challenges, the Region of Lombardy, in collaboration with ALFA, has launched a comprehensive rehabilitation program aimed at reversing the damage and improving the lake’s water quality. This initiative includes several key interventions, such as the construction of new sewage collectors, modernized wastewater treatment infrastructure, rainwater management systems, and upgrades to the Gavirate wastewater treatment plant. These measures are designed to prevent the discharge of untreated or poorly treated sewage into the lake and reduce the inflow of pollutants that have contributed to its eutrophication. The program also focuses on improving the overall management of the watershed and enhancing public awareness about sustainable water practices. However, the restoration efforts face additional challenges that have emerged in recent years, particularly due to climate change. Rising temperatures, shifts in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are altering the dynamics of the lake and its surrounding environment. These climate-related changes are likely to exacerbate the existing problems, affecting the lake’s temperature, hydrodynamics, and nutrient cycling, all of which play a crucial role in its overall health. This thesis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the ongoing rehabilitation efforts at Lago di Varese, examining the effectiveness of current interventions and their potential to restore the lake’s ecological balance. Additionally, it evaluates future scenarios under the influence of climate change, considering how environmental shifts could affect the lake’s recovery and proposing potential adaptive strategies to mitigate future risks. By integrating environmental, technological, and policy perspectives, this research offers a holistic view of the challenges and opportunities for the sustainable management of Lago di Varese in the coming decades.
Il Lago di Varese, situato nella provincia omonima, ha subito nel corso degli anni profondi cambiamenti a causa di diverse pressioni antropiche, in particolare lo scarico di acque reflue domestiche e industriali non trattate. Queste attività umane hanno portato a un significativo aumento dei livelli di fosforo, uno dei principali responsabili del processo di eutrofizzazione del lago. L’eccesso di fosforo favorisce infatti la crescita incontrollata di alghe e piante acquatiche, causando una riduzione dei livelli di ossigeno, il degrado della qualità delle acque e una perdita di biodiversità, compromettendo gravemente la salute complessiva dell’ecosistema. In passato, tali problematiche sono state ulteriormente aggravate da sistemi di gestione dei rifiuti inadeguati, che hanno permesso l’immissione di scarichi non trattati nel corpo idrico, alimentando ulteriormente il problema. In risposta a queste criticità, la Regione Lombardia, in collaborazione con ALFA, ha avviato un programma di riqualificazione complessivo con l’obiettivo di invertire il processo di degrado e migliorare la qualità delle acque del lago. L’iniziativa prevede diversi interventi chiave, come la realizzazione di nuovi collettori fognari, l’ammodernamento delle infrastrutture per il trattamento delle acque reflue, l’implementazione di sistemi di gestione delle acque meteoriche e il potenziamento dell’impianto di depurazione di Gavirate. Tali misure sono progettate per evitare lo scarico di acque reflue non trattate o trattate in modo insufficiente nel lago e per ridurre l’apporto di inquinanti che hanno contribuito all’eutrofizzazione. Il programma si concentra inoltre sul miglioramento della gestione dell’intero bacino idrografico e sulla sensibilizzazione della popolazione riguardo alle pratiche sostenibili nella gestione delle risorse idriche. Tuttavia, gli sforzi di recupero si trovano oggi ad affrontare ulteriori sfide, emerse negli ultimi anni, legate in particolare ai cambiamenti climatici. L’aumento delle temperature, le variazioni nei modelli di precipitazione e la frequenza crescente di eventi meteorologici estremi stanno alterando le dinamiche del lago e dell’ambiente circostante. Questi cambiamenti climatici rischiano di aggravare le problematiche esistenti, influenzando la temperatura del lago, la sua idrodinamica e il ciclo dei nutrienti, tutti elementi fondamentali per il mantenimento della salute dell’ecosistema. Questa tesi si propone di offrire un’analisi approfondita degli interventi in corso per la riqualificazione del Lago di Varese, valutandone l’efficacia e il potenziale di ripristino dell’equilibrio ecologico. Inoltre, intende esaminare scenari futuri legati agli effetti del cambiamento climatico, considerando in che modo le trasformazioni ambientali potrebbero influire sul processo di recupero del lago e proponendo possibili strategie adattative per mitigare i rischi futuri. Integrando prospettive ambientali, tecnologiche e politiche, questa ricerca offre una visione olistica delle sfide e delle opportunità legate alla gestione sostenibile del Lago di Varese nei prossimi decenni.
The anthropogenic and climatic impacts on the lacustrine environment: the case of Lake Varese
Argento, Davide
2024/2025
Abstract
Lago di Varese, located in the province of Varese, has undergone substantial changes over the years due to various anthropogenic pressures, especially the release of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. These human activities have led to a significant increase in phosphorus levels, which has been a major factor in the eutrophication of the lake. The excess phosphorus promotes the growth of algae and aquatic plants, leading to reduced oxygen levels, water quality degradation, and a loss of biodiversity, severely affecting the health of the entire ecosystem. In the past, these issues were exacerbated by inadequate waste management systems, which allowed untreated effluents to enter the waterbody, further fueling the problem. In response to these challenges, the Region of Lombardy, in collaboration with ALFA, has launched a comprehensive rehabilitation program aimed at reversing the damage and improving the lake’s water quality. This initiative includes several key interventions, such as the construction of new sewage collectors, modernized wastewater treatment infrastructure, rainwater management systems, and upgrades to the Gavirate wastewater treatment plant. These measures are designed to prevent the discharge of untreated or poorly treated sewage into the lake and reduce the inflow of pollutants that have contributed to its eutrophication. The program also focuses on improving the overall management of the watershed and enhancing public awareness about sustainable water practices. However, the restoration efforts face additional challenges that have emerged in recent years, particularly due to climate change. Rising temperatures, shifts in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are altering the dynamics of the lake and its surrounding environment. These climate-related changes are likely to exacerbate the existing problems, affecting the lake’s temperature, hydrodynamics, and nutrient cycling, all of which play a crucial role in its overall health. This thesis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the ongoing rehabilitation efforts at Lago di Varese, examining the effectiveness of current interventions and their potential to restore the lake’s ecological balance. Additionally, it evaluates future scenarios under the influence of climate change, considering how environmental shifts could affect the lake’s recovery and proposing potential adaptive strategies to mitigate future risks. By integrating environmental, technological, and policy perspectives, this research offers a holistic view of the challenges and opportunities for the sustainable management of Lago di Varese in the coming decades.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243358