Waelz slag (WS) is the main by-product of the Waelz process and is currently classified as hazardous waste due to its high content of zinc, lead and other toxic elements, leading to its disposal in landfills. Nevertheless, its elevated concentration of iron oxides represents a potential secondary raw material for the steelmaking industry. This study investigates the potential of enriching unwashed WS in iron through a combination of hydro- and pyrometallurgical approaches aimed at slag upgrading and iron recovery. Two upgrading treatments, namely caustic leaching and alkaline roasting, were applied to selectively remove undesirable compounds (e.g Zn, Pb, S) while preserving iron-bearing phases. The former was performed in a 6M NaOH solution with a solid to liquid ratio of 16 g/L at 80 °C, whereas the latter was conducted at 400 °C with a WS/NaOH ratio of 1 g/g. Subsequently, reduction smelting through carbothermic reduction was carried out at 1500 °C in ambient atmosphere, using biochar as a reducing agent with a carbon content over iron and zinc oxide (C/(Fe2O3+ZnO)) of 0.262. The effectiveness of the routes was assessed with several parameters: extraction index, mass loss, degree of reduction, degree of metallization and Fe fraction over the total area. Alkaline roasting achieved higher Zn and Pb extraction efficiencies, consistently above 85%, successfully dissolving zinc ferrites and lead sulphates, while caustic leaching could not remove more than 70%. The findings from reduction smelting confirmed the enrichment of iron in carbon composite agglomerates (CCAs), demonstrating the good selectivity of both upgrading processes, with iron losses below 6%. Compared to the raw WS, caustic leached agglomerates doubled their Fe content, while alkaline roasted ones tripled it, producing finer and more homogeneously distributed metallic iron particles.
La scoria Waelz (WS) è il principale sottoprodotto del processo Waelz ed è attualmente classificata come rifiuto pericoloso a causa dell’elevato contenuto di zinco, piombo e altri elementi tossici, che ne comporta lo smaltimento in discarica. Tuttavia, l’elevata concentrazione di ossidi di ferro la rende una potenziale materia prima secondaria per l’industria siderurgica. Questo studio indaga la possibilità di arricchire in ferro la scoria Waelz non lavata attraverso una combinazione di approcci idro- e pirometallurgici mirati al miglioramento della scoria e al recupero del ferro. Sono stati applicati due trattamenti di miglioramento, ovvero la lisciviazione caustica e l’arrostimento alcalino, con l’obiettivo di rimuovere selettivamente composti indesiderati (es. Zn, Pb, S), preservando al contempo le fasi ferrose. Il primo è stato eseguito in una soluzione di NaOH 6M con un rapporto solido/liquido di 16 g/L a 80 °C, mentre il secondo è stato condotto a 400 °C con un rapporto WS/NaOH di 1 g/g. Successivamente, è stato effettuato il trattamento termico mediante riduzione carbotermica a 1500 °C in atmosfera ambiente, utilizzando biocarbone come agente riducente, con un rapporto carbonio su ossido di ferro e zinco (C/(Fe₂O₃+ZnO)) pari a 0.262. L’efficacia dei trattamenti è stata valutata tramite diversi parametri: indice di estrazione, perdita di massa, grado di riduzione, grado di metallizzazione e frazione di ferro sull’area totale. L’arrostimento alcalino ha ottenuto efficienze di estrazione di Zn e Pb superiori, costantemente oltre l’85%, dissolvendo con successo ferriti di zinco e solfati di piombo, mentre la lisciviazione caustica non ha superato il 70%. I risultati della riduzione carbotermica hanno confermato l’arricchimento in ferro degli agglomerati compositi di carbonio (CCA), dimostrando la buona selettività di entrambi i processi di miglioramento, con perdite di ferro inferiori al 6%. Rispetto alla WS grezza, gli agglomerati trattati con lisciviazione caustica hanno raddoppiato il loro contenuto di ferro, mentre quelli sottoposti ad arrostimento alcalino lo hanno triplicato, producendo particelle di ferro metallico più fini e distribuite in modo più omogeneo.
Synergistic hydro- and pyro- metallurgical approaches for the upgrading and iron recovery from Waelz slag
Riva, Roberto
2024/2025
Abstract
Waelz slag (WS) is the main by-product of the Waelz process and is currently classified as hazardous waste due to its high content of zinc, lead and other toxic elements, leading to its disposal in landfills. Nevertheless, its elevated concentration of iron oxides represents a potential secondary raw material for the steelmaking industry. This study investigates the potential of enriching unwashed WS in iron through a combination of hydro- and pyrometallurgical approaches aimed at slag upgrading and iron recovery. Two upgrading treatments, namely caustic leaching and alkaline roasting, were applied to selectively remove undesirable compounds (e.g Zn, Pb, S) while preserving iron-bearing phases. The former was performed in a 6M NaOH solution with a solid to liquid ratio of 16 g/L at 80 °C, whereas the latter was conducted at 400 °C with a WS/NaOH ratio of 1 g/g. Subsequently, reduction smelting through carbothermic reduction was carried out at 1500 °C in ambient atmosphere, using biochar as a reducing agent with a carbon content over iron and zinc oxide (C/(Fe2O3+ZnO)) of 0.262. The effectiveness of the routes was assessed with several parameters: extraction index, mass loss, degree of reduction, degree of metallization and Fe fraction over the total area. Alkaline roasting achieved higher Zn and Pb extraction efficiencies, consistently above 85%, successfully dissolving zinc ferrites and lead sulphates, while caustic leaching could not remove more than 70%. The findings from reduction smelting confirmed the enrichment of iron in carbon composite agglomerates (CCAs), demonstrating the good selectivity of both upgrading processes, with iron losses below 6%. Compared to the raw WS, caustic leached agglomerates doubled their Fe content, while alkaline roasted ones tripled it, producing finer and more homogeneously distributed metallic iron particles.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_Riva_Tesi_01.pdf
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2025_10_Riva_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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Descrizione: executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243390