The European Union’s strategic framework for the energy sector pursues two primary objectives: ensuring affordable energy and achieving decarbonisation. The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the principal instrument for attaining the latter. However, it can exert upward pressure on prices—particularly in electricity markets, which are the most exposed to carbon costs. This thesis models the relationship between the EU ETS and the electricity markets, quantifying how the price of EU allowances (EUAs) influences national power prices across Europe. It contributes to the existing literature by providing a pan-European comparative analysis that covers almost the entire EU and emphasises a more recent, previously underexplored period in which the EU ETS matured into a genuinely active carbon market rather than remaining in its earlier, experimental phases. The analysis also accounts for both country-specific characteristics and the dynamics associated with cross-border interconnection, a dimension largely neglected in prior studies. To this end, after constructing a tailored panel dataset for 23 selected Member States, I developed a Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR). This framework captures cross-country interdependencies while avoiding the curse of dimensionality that is typical of large, multivariate systems. The empirical results indicate that heterogeneity in the transmission of EUA costs to electricity prices is systematic rather than random and can be explained by countries’ structural characteristics. Key determinants include the underlying generation mix, the proportion of time a technology is marginal, the extent of interconnections (across several dimensions), market structure and ownership. Country-specific regulatory settings, idiosyncratic events and atypical producer behaviour may, in some cases, dominate these structural drivers. These findings have clear implications for the trade-off between environmental stringency and energy affordability, offering guidance on how to pursue decarbonisation while limiting adverse effects on consumers. Moreover, the developed econometric model lends itself to a variety of applications beyond the immediate focus of this thesis.
Il quadro strategico dell’Unione Europea per il settore energetico persegue due obiettivi principali: garantire energia a costi accessibili e la decarbonizzazione. Il Sistema europeo di scambio di quote di emissione (EU ETS) è lo strumento principale per il raggiungimento di quest’ultimo obiettivo, sebbene possa contribuire a un rialzo dei prezzi—in particolare nei mercati elettrici, i più esposti ai costi del carbonio. Questa tesi modella la relazione tra l’EU ETS e i mercati elettrici, quantificando in che misura il prezzo dei permessi di emissione dell’UE (EUA) incide sui prezzi dell’elettricità a livello nazionale in Europa. Lo studio contribuisce alla letteratura offrendo un’analisi comparativa paneuropea che copre quasi l’intera UE. Si concentra su un periodo recente e inesplorato, durante il quale l’EU ETS si è affermato come un mercato del carbonio pienamente operativo, distinguendosi dalle fasi sperimentali precedenti. L’analisi integra sia le caratteristiche specifiche dei vari paesi sia le dinamiche legate alle interconnessioni transfrontaliere, una dimensione in larga parte trascurata negli studi precedenti. A tal fine, dopo aver appositamente costruito un dataset panel per i 23 paesi selezionati, è stato sviluppato un modello Global Vector Autoregression (GVAR). Questo approccio consente di catturare le interdipendenze tra paesi limitando l’eccessiva dimensionalità tipica dei grandi modelli multivariati. L’evidenza empirica mostra che l’eterogeneità nella trasmissione dei costi delle EUA ai prezzi dell’elettricità è sistematica—non casuale—e può essere spiegata dalle caratteristiche strutturali dei singoli paesi. Tra i fattori chiave figurano il mix di generazione, la frequenza con cui una data tecnologia risulta marginale, l’entità delle interconnessioni (sotto molteplici aspetti), la concentrazione del mercato e la struttura proprietaria dei produttori. In alcuni casi, eventi specifici, particolari quadri normativi o comportamenti atipici dei produttori possono prevalere su tali fattori strutturali. Questi risultati hanno implicazioni rilevanti per il trade-off tra transizione ecologica e accessibilità energetica, fornendo indicazioni su come perseguire la decarbonizzazione limitando al contempo gli effetti negativi sui consumatori. Inoltre, il modello econometrico sviluppato si presta a un ampio spettro di applicazioni al di là dell’ambito specifico di questa tesi.
Modelling price interdependencies between the european carbon and electricity markets: a global vector autoregressive approach
Pescialli, Ruben
2024/2025
Abstract
The European Union’s strategic framework for the energy sector pursues two primary objectives: ensuring affordable energy and achieving decarbonisation. The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the principal instrument for attaining the latter. However, it can exert upward pressure on prices—particularly in electricity markets, which are the most exposed to carbon costs. This thesis models the relationship between the EU ETS and the electricity markets, quantifying how the price of EU allowances (EUAs) influences national power prices across Europe. It contributes to the existing literature by providing a pan-European comparative analysis that covers almost the entire EU and emphasises a more recent, previously underexplored period in which the EU ETS matured into a genuinely active carbon market rather than remaining in its earlier, experimental phases. The analysis also accounts for both country-specific characteristics and the dynamics associated with cross-border interconnection, a dimension largely neglected in prior studies. To this end, after constructing a tailored panel dataset for 23 selected Member States, I developed a Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR). This framework captures cross-country interdependencies while avoiding the curse of dimensionality that is typical of large, multivariate systems. The empirical results indicate that heterogeneity in the transmission of EUA costs to electricity prices is systematic rather than random and can be explained by countries’ structural characteristics. Key determinants include the underlying generation mix, the proportion of time a technology is marginal, the extent of interconnections (across several dimensions), market structure and ownership. Country-specific regulatory settings, idiosyncratic events and atypical producer behaviour may, in some cases, dominate these structural drivers. These findings have clear implications for the trade-off between environmental stringency and energy affordability, offering guidance on how to pursue decarbonisation while limiting adverse effects on consumers. Moreover, the developed econometric model lends itself to a variety of applications beyond the immediate focus of this thesis.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_Pescialli_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2025_10_Pescialli_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243429