Agriculture is inherently exposed to risks and farmers are increasingly impacted by climate variability, extreme events, pests, diseases, and market fluctuations. Risk management tools, therefore, assume a key role in mitigating the effects of damages on the agricultural ecosystem. Among these tools, insurance plays a central role in ensuring farm resilience and safeguarding both financial and operational conditions. Yet, participation levels remain strikingly low, especially among smallholders, who account for about one-third of the world’s food supply. The persistent underuse of agricultural insurance is linked to economic, socio-cultural, product design and other contextual constraints, weakening insurance schemes affordability and farmer confidence in institutions. This work, by leveraging the growing opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 and on-farm technological advancements, such as IoT sensors, satellite imagery, AI analytics, blockchain, and cloud systems, investigates the opportunities enabled for addressing these shortcomings and reshaping the insurance landscape. To achieve this objective, a systemic literature review was conducted supplemented by the results of interviews with various pilot projects and technology-based insurance initiatives. The findings identify how digital innovations can improve the sector by enabling precise risk profiling, pricing, and loss reservation, streamlining claims management, reducing fraud, and simplifying underwriting with greater inclusion through digital platforms. Such innovations not only impact the operational efficiency of agricultural insurance, but also enhance government regulations and governance capacity to expand insurance outreach to previously underserved rural communities. The results also indicate that Agriculture 4.0 can promote trust and sustainability of insurance products as well as design more affordable and reliable products, finally leading to a more inclusive and resilient farming system. Nevertheless, to realize these benefits on a large scale, investments in digital infrastructure, clear standards for secure use of data, and regulatory frameworks that promote interoperability are needed. In conclusion, this work shows that Agriculture 4.0 should be seen as a transformative factor in agricultural insurance, potentially addressing long-standing protection gaps. However, it also argues that to realize this full potential and scale innovations from the pilot phase to widespread adoption, coordinated actions should be taken by policymakers, insurers, and technology providers.
L’agricoltura è intrinsecamente esposta ai rischi e gli agricoltori sono sempre più colpiti dalla variabilità climatica, dagli eventi estremi, da parassiti, malattie e dalle fluttuazioni di mercato. Gli strumenti di gestione del rischio assumono quindi un ruolo chiave nel mitigare gli effetti dei danni sull’ecosistema agricolo. Tra questi strumenti, l’assicurazione riveste un ruolo centrale nel garantire la resilienza delle aziende agricole e nel salvaguardarne le condizioni finanziarie e operative. Tuttavia, i livelli di partecipazione rimangono sorprendentemente bassi, soprattutto tra i piccoli produttori, che rappresentano circa un terzo dell’approvvigionamento alimentare mondiale. Il persistente sottoutilizzo dell’assicurazione agricola è legato a vincoli economici, socio-culturali, di progettazione del prodotto e ad altri fattori contestuali, che ne riducono l’accessibilità economica e la fiducia degli agricoltori nelle istituzioni. Questo lavoro, facendo leva sulle crescenti opportunità offerte dall’Agricoltura 4.0 e dai progressi tecnologici on-farm, come sensori IoT, immagini satellitari, analisi basate su intelligenza artificiale, blockchain e sistemi cloud, indaga le possibilità di affrontare tali carenze e ridefinire il panorama assicurativo. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura, integrata dai risultati di interviste con vari progetti pilota e iniziative assicurative basate su diverse tecnologie. I risultati identificano come le innovazioni digitali possano migliorare il settore consentendo una profilazione del rischio più precisa, una migliore determinazione dei prezzi e delle riserve per i sinistri. Così come la semplificazione della gestione dei sinistri, la riduzione delle frodi e la semplificazione della sottoscrizione con una maggiore inclusione tramite piattaforme digitali. Tali innovazioni non incidono solo sull’efficienza operativa dell’assicurazione agricola, ma rafforzano anche la regolamentazione e la capacità di governance da parte dei governi, ampliando la copertura assicurativa a comunità rurali precedentemente escluse. I risultati indicano inoltre che l’Agricoltura 4.0 può favorire la fiducia e la sostenibilità dei prodotti assicurativi, oltre a progettare soluzioni più accessibili e affidabili, conducendo infine verso un sistema agricolo più inclusivo e resiliente. Tuttavia, per realizzare questi benefici su larga scala sono necessari investimenti nelle infrastrutture digitali, standard chiari per l’uso sicuro dei dati e quadri normativi che promuovano l’interoperabilità. In conclusione, questo lavoro mostra come l’Agricoltura 4.0 debba essere vista come un fattore trasformativo per l’assicurazione agricola, con il potenziale di colmare lacune di protezione di lunga data. Allo stesso tempo, evidenzia che, per realizzare appieno tale potenziale e scalare le innovazioni dalla fase pilota a un’adozione diffusa, è necessario intraprendere azioni coordinate da parte dalle istituzioni governative, dalle compagnie assicurative e dai provider tecnologici.
The opportunities of agriculture 4.0 for the insurance sector against risks
Gucci Ludolf, Goffredo
2024/2025
Abstract
Agriculture is inherently exposed to risks and farmers are increasingly impacted by climate variability, extreme events, pests, diseases, and market fluctuations. Risk management tools, therefore, assume a key role in mitigating the effects of damages on the agricultural ecosystem. Among these tools, insurance plays a central role in ensuring farm resilience and safeguarding both financial and operational conditions. Yet, participation levels remain strikingly low, especially among smallholders, who account for about one-third of the world’s food supply. The persistent underuse of agricultural insurance is linked to economic, socio-cultural, product design and other contextual constraints, weakening insurance schemes affordability and farmer confidence in institutions. This work, by leveraging the growing opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 and on-farm technological advancements, such as IoT sensors, satellite imagery, AI analytics, blockchain, and cloud systems, investigates the opportunities enabled for addressing these shortcomings and reshaping the insurance landscape. To achieve this objective, a systemic literature review was conducted supplemented by the results of interviews with various pilot projects and technology-based insurance initiatives. The findings identify how digital innovations can improve the sector by enabling precise risk profiling, pricing, and loss reservation, streamlining claims management, reducing fraud, and simplifying underwriting with greater inclusion through digital platforms. Such innovations not only impact the operational efficiency of agricultural insurance, but also enhance government regulations and governance capacity to expand insurance outreach to previously underserved rural communities. The results also indicate that Agriculture 4.0 can promote trust and sustainability of insurance products as well as design more affordable and reliable products, finally leading to a more inclusive and resilient farming system. Nevertheless, to realize these benefits on a large scale, investments in digital infrastructure, clear standards for secure use of data, and regulatory frameworks that promote interoperability are needed. In conclusion, this work shows that Agriculture 4.0 should be seen as a transformative factor in agricultural insurance, potentially addressing long-standing protection gaps. However, it also argues that to realize this full potential and scale innovations from the pilot phase to widespread adoption, coordinated actions should be taken by policymakers, insurers, and technology providers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243491