This study conducts a comparative analysis of the influence of bicycle movements on urban mobility, focusing on Amsterdam and Milan. The research addresses three primary questions: (i) How do socio-political conflicts between grassroots movements and local governments shape transportation policies in Milan? (ii) How do institutional, spatial, and cultural dynamics in Amsterdam and Milan contribute to differences in structural transformation? (iii) To what extent do car-oriented transportation policies and practices in Milan restrict cycling and conflict with sustainable transportation objectives? A mixed-methods approach is employed, integrating literature review, archival research, field observations, interviews, and both qualitative and quantitative data. The theoretical framework draws on Lefebvre’s concept of the Right to the City, Castells’s urban social movement theory, Melucci’s new social movement theory, Bourdieu’s space-habitus-capital model, and Harvey’s critique of neoliberal urbanization. These perspectives position the bicycle as both a mode of transportation and a symbol of cultural resistance and political contestation. The findings indicate that Amsterdam’s transformation was initiated by the oil crisis and grassroots movements in the 1970s, institutionalized through organizations such as Fietsersbond, and supported by comprehensive design principles. As a result, cycling emerged as both a cultural norm and a policy priority. In contrast, while Milan exhibits strong activism, this momentum remains precarious without institutional support. Car-oriented infrastructure, fragmented cycling networks, and neoliberal urban investment priorities continue to impede structural transformation despite public demand. The study concludes that effective bicycle policies require flexible and participatory frameworks that are responsive to socio-economic and cultural contexts, rather than relying on static planning documents. It further contends that challenges such as commercialization of public space, spatial inequality, and car dependence can be addressed through collective action, participatory governance, and redefining urban mobility as a public right. This research contributes to the literature on social movements and urban mobility, highlighting how European cities can foster more inclusive, equitable, healthy, and climate-resilient futures by learning from diverse experiences rather than replicating a single model.
Questo studio presenta un’analisi comparativa che esamina il ruolo dei movimenti ciclistici nella configurazione della mobilità urbana attraverso gli esempi di Amsterdam e Milano. La ricerca si concentra su tre domande fondamentali: (i) In che modo i conflitti socio-politici tra i movimenti di base e le amministrazioni locali influenzano le politiche di trasporto di Milano? (ii) In quali modi le dinamiche istituzionali, spaziali e culturali di Amsterdam e Milano differenziano i processi di trasformazione strutturale? (iii) In che misura le politiche e le pratiche di trasporto auto-centriche a Milano limitano l’uso della bicicletta e sono in conflitto con le politiche di trasporto sostenibile? Lo studio adotta un approccio metodologico misto, combinando revisione della letteratura, ricerche d’archivio, osservazioni sul campo, interviste e dati qualitativi e quantitativi selezionati. Il quadro teorico si basa sul concetto di Diritto alla città di Lefebvre, sull’approccio di Castells ai movimenti sociali urbani, sulla teoria dei nuovi movimenti sociali di Melucci, sul modello spazio-habitus-capitale di Bourdieu e sulla critica di Harvey all’urbanizzazione neoliberista. Queste prospettive teoriche sostengono la visione della bicicletta non solo come mezzo di trasporto, ma anche come simbolo di resistenza culturale e di lotta politica. I risultati dimostrano che la trasformazione di Amsterdam è stata innescata dalla crisi petrolifera e dai movimenti di base degli anni ’70, istituzionalizzata da organizzazioni come Fietsersbond e rafforzata da principi di progettazione olistici. Pertanto, l’uso della bicicletta è diventato sia una norma culturale sia una priorità di governance. A Milano, invece, è evidente un forte attivismo, ma questa energia rimane fragile se non trova basi istituzionali solide. Infrastrutture auto-centriche, reti ciclabili frammentate e priorità di investimento urbano neoliberiste limitano la trasformazione strutturale nonostante le richieste della società. In conclusione, lo studio sottolinea che le politiche ciclabili non possono essere confinate a documenti di pianificazione statici; esse richiedono un quadro flessibile e partecipativo, adattabile alle realtà socio-economiche e socio-culturali. Lo studio sostiene inoltre che la commercializzazione dello spazio pubblico, le disuguaglianze spaziali e la dipendenza dall’automobile possono essere superate attraverso la resistenza collettiva, la governance partecipativa e la ridefinizione della mobilità urbana come diritto pubblico. Inoltre, questo lavoro intende offrire un contributo accademico alla letteratura sui movimenti sociali e la mobilità urbana, facendo luce su come le città europee possano costruire futuri più inclusivi, equi, sani e rispettosi del clima, imparando da esperienze diverse piuttosto che copiando un unico modello.
Grassroots on wheels: biketivism and the politics of sustainable urban mobility based on lessons from Amsterdam and Milan
Yaylacik, Müge
2024/2025
Abstract
This study conducts a comparative analysis of the influence of bicycle movements on urban mobility, focusing on Amsterdam and Milan. The research addresses three primary questions: (i) How do socio-political conflicts between grassroots movements and local governments shape transportation policies in Milan? (ii) How do institutional, spatial, and cultural dynamics in Amsterdam and Milan contribute to differences in structural transformation? (iii) To what extent do car-oriented transportation policies and practices in Milan restrict cycling and conflict with sustainable transportation objectives? A mixed-methods approach is employed, integrating literature review, archival research, field observations, interviews, and both qualitative and quantitative data. The theoretical framework draws on Lefebvre’s concept of the Right to the City, Castells’s urban social movement theory, Melucci’s new social movement theory, Bourdieu’s space-habitus-capital model, and Harvey’s critique of neoliberal urbanization. These perspectives position the bicycle as both a mode of transportation and a symbol of cultural resistance and political contestation. The findings indicate that Amsterdam’s transformation was initiated by the oil crisis and grassroots movements in the 1970s, institutionalized through organizations such as Fietsersbond, and supported by comprehensive design principles. As a result, cycling emerged as both a cultural norm and a policy priority. In contrast, while Milan exhibits strong activism, this momentum remains precarious without institutional support. Car-oriented infrastructure, fragmented cycling networks, and neoliberal urban investment priorities continue to impede structural transformation despite public demand. The study concludes that effective bicycle policies require flexible and participatory frameworks that are responsive to socio-economic and cultural contexts, rather than relying on static planning documents. It further contends that challenges such as commercialization of public space, spatial inequality, and car dependence can be addressed through collective action, participatory governance, and redefining urban mobility as a public right. This research contributes to the literature on social movements and urban mobility, highlighting how European cities can foster more inclusive, equitable, healthy, and climate-resilient futures by learning from diverse experiences rather than replicating a single model.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243552