This thesis investigates the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and corporate financial outcomes among firms listed in the Bloomberg Europe 500 Index between 2017 and 2023. Drawing on ESG ratings from Refinitiv and combining both market-based indicators (Tobin’s Q) and accounting-based measures (Return on Assets), the study employs a rigorous econometric framework including pooled OLS, fixed and random effects with dynamic panel estimations. The findings reveal a positive association between ESG and market valuation: firms improving from lower ESG standards experience significant gains in Tobin’s Q, though the effect exhibits diminishing marginal returns at higher levels. Accounting profitability (ROA) shows no systematic link to ESG, indicating that internal profitability remains driven primarily by traditional financial fundamentals. Controversy exposure emerges as critical, exerting consistently negative effects on valuation, underscoring the materiality of reputational risks. Governance, while stabilizing firm value, occasionally constrains short-term returns, highlighting its defensive role. From a risk perspective, high-ESG portfolios display lower volatility and more stable Sharpe ratios, particularly during crisis years, supporting the view of ESG as a risk mitigating mechanism rather than a systematic source of outperformance Overall, the evidence suggests that ESG contributes to long-term resilience and market valuation but does not deliver immediate profitability or excess returns. The thesis extends prior research by focusing on the most recent and turbulent regulatory and economic phase in Europe, by disaggregating ESG dimensions, and by providing a nuanced interpretation of how sustainability is priced by financial markets.
Questa tesi analizza la relazione tra la performance ambientale, sociale e di governance (ESG) e i risultati finanziari delle imprese incluse nel Bloomberg Europe 500 Index nel periodo 2017-2023. Basandosi sui rating ESG forniti da Refinitiv e integrando sia indicatori di mercato (Tobin’s Q) sia misure contabili (Return on Assets), lo studio adotta un quadro econometrico formato da modelli pooled OLS, effetti fissi e casuali. I risultati mostrano un’associazione positiva tra ESG e valutazione di mercato: le imprese che miglioranole proprie performance ESG da punteggi più bassi registrano incrementi significativi nel Tobin’s Q, con un effetto che presenta rendimenti marginali decrescenti ai livelli più elevati. La redditività contabile (ROA) non evidenzia legami stabili con l’ESG, suggerendo che la profittabilità interna rimanga principalmente guidata dai fondamentali finanziari tradizionali. L’esposizione a controversie emerge come rilevante, esercitando effetti negativi sulla valutazione, a conferma che i rischi reputazionali vengono assimilati dal mercato. La governance, pur contribuendo a stabilizzare il valore d’impresa, talvolta limita i rendimenti di breve periodo, evidenziandone il ruolo prevalentemente difensivo. Dal punto di vista del rischio, i portafogli ad alto punteggio ESG mostrano una minore volatilità e Sharpe ratio più stabili, in particolare negli anni di crisi, supportando l’interpretazione dell’ESG come meccanismo di mitigazione del rischio piuttosto che come fonte sistematica di extra-rendimenti. Nel complesso, le evidenze indicano che l’ESG contribuisce alla resilienza di lungo termine e alla valorizzazione di mercato, ma non garantisce una redditività immediata né rendimenti eccedenti. La tesi estende la letteratura esistente concentrandosi sulla fase più recente e turbolenta del contesto regolamentare ed economico europeo, disaggregando le dimensioni ESG e fornendo un’interpretazione articolata delle modalità con cui la sostenibilità viene incorporata nelle valutazioni dei mercati finanziari.
Pricing ESG: an empirical investigation of sustainability, profitability and market valuation
TOMASELLA, GIOVANNI;Pedrotti, Edoardo
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and corporate financial outcomes among firms listed in the Bloomberg Europe 500 Index between 2017 and 2023. Drawing on ESG ratings from Refinitiv and combining both market-based indicators (Tobin’s Q) and accounting-based measures (Return on Assets), the study employs a rigorous econometric framework including pooled OLS, fixed and random effects with dynamic panel estimations. The findings reveal a positive association between ESG and market valuation: firms improving from lower ESG standards experience significant gains in Tobin’s Q, though the effect exhibits diminishing marginal returns at higher levels. Accounting profitability (ROA) shows no systematic link to ESG, indicating that internal profitability remains driven primarily by traditional financial fundamentals. Controversy exposure emerges as critical, exerting consistently negative effects on valuation, underscoring the materiality of reputational risks. Governance, while stabilizing firm value, occasionally constrains short-term returns, highlighting its defensive role. From a risk perspective, high-ESG portfolios display lower volatility and more stable Sharpe ratios, particularly during crisis years, supporting the view of ESG as a risk mitigating mechanism rather than a systematic source of outperformance Overall, the evidence suggests that ESG contributes to long-term resilience and market valuation but does not deliver immediate profitability or excess returns. The thesis extends prior research by focusing on the most recent and turbulent regulatory and economic phase in Europe, by disaggregating ESG dimensions, and by providing a nuanced interpretation of how sustainability is priced by financial markets.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_Pedrotti_Tomasella_Executive Summary.pdf
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2025_10_Pedrotti_Tomasella_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243591