Hydrogen is considered a central element for the energy transition, but its interaction with steels used in pipelines and infrastructure creates significant issues related to hydrogen embrittlement. Traditional testing methods, such as exposure to high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, are complex, expensive, and often difficult to reproduce. This thesis presents and validates an electrochemical precharging method as a reliable and cost-effective alternative to evaluate the susceptibility of pipeline steels to hydrogen embrittlement. The experimental activity included mechanical testing of steels currently used in natural gas transmission, comparing uncharged and hydrogen-precharged specimens. The results showed a clear reduction in fracture toughness with increasing hydrogen concentration, which confirmed the ability of the method to detect the embrittlement phenomenon. To quantify this effect, a new embrittlement index was defined, which proved reproducible in different steels and charging conditions, highlighting the correlation between hydrogen absorption and mechanical degradation. Furthermore, the results obtained complied with the fracture toughness requirements defined by ASME B31.12, confirming the suitability of the analyzed steels for hydrogen service according to the normative framework. The consistency and repeatability of the results confirm the validity of the electrochemical precharging method as a practical tool for both research and industrial applications. Compared to conventional high-pressure testing, it is simpler, less expensive, and more flexible, while maintaining reliability. For these reasons, this method represents a useful basis for evaluating the behavior of steels in hydrogen environments and for supporting the safe design of hydrogen transport infrastructures.
L’idrogeno è considerato un mezzo energetico essenziale per la transizione energetica, ma la sua interazione con gli acciai impiegati nelle condotte e nelle infrastrutture di trasporto esistenti comporta problematiche significative legate all’infragilimento da idrogeno. I metodi di prova tradizionali, come l’esposizione ad idrogeno gassoso ad alta pressione, risultano complessi, costosi e spesso difficili da riprodurre. In questa tesi viene presentato e validato un metodo basato sulla precarica elettrochimica come alternativa affidabile ed economicamente vantaggiosa per la valutazione della suscettibilità degli acciai da condotta all’infragilimento da idrogeno. L’attività sperimentale ha previsto prove meccaniche su acciai attualmente utilizzati per il trasporto di gas naturale, confrontando provini non caricati con provini precaricati a idrogeno. I risultati hanno mostrato una chiara riduzione della tenacità a frattura all’aumentare della concentrazione di idrogeno, confermando l’efficacia del metodo nell’individuare l’infragilimento. Per quantificare tale effetto è stato definito un indice di infragilimento, risultato riproducibile su differenti acciai e condizioni di precarica, evidenziando la correlazione tra assorbimento di idrogeno e riduzione della tenacità. Inoltre, i risultati ottenuti sono risultati conformi dalla normativa ASME B31.12, confermando l’idoneità degli acciai analizzati per l’uso a contatto con l’idrogeno secondo il quadro normativo di riferimento. La coerenza e la ripetibilità dei risultati confermano la validità del metodo di precarica elettrochimica come strumento pratico sia per la ricerca sia industrialmente. Rispetto ai test convenzionali in alta pressione, esso risulta più semplice, meno costoso e più flessibile, pur garantendo elevata affidabilità. Per queste ragioni, il metodo si presenta utile per la valutazione del comportamento degli acciai in ambienti H e per supportare l’ingegnerizzazione delle infrastrutture di trasporto dell’idrogeno
New electrochemical method for assessing hydrogen embrittlement in pipeline steels
ALBANI, MATTEO
2024/2025
Abstract
Hydrogen is considered a central element for the energy transition, but its interaction with steels used in pipelines and infrastructure creates significant issues related to hydrogen embrittlement. Traditional testing methods, such as exposure to high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, are complex, expensive, and often difficult to reproduce. This thesis presents and validates an electrochemical precharging method as a reliable and cost-effective alternative to evaluate the susceptibility of pipeline steels to hydrogen embrittlement. The experimental activity included mechanical testing of steels currently used in natural gas transmission, comparing uncharged and hydrogen-precharged specimens. The results showed a clear reduction in fracture toughness with increasing hydrogen concentration, which confirmed the ability of the method to detect the embrittlement phenomenon. To quantify this effect, a new embrittlement index was defined, which proved reproducible in different steels and charging conditions, highlighting the correlation between hydrogen absorption and mechanical degradation. Furthermore, the results obtained complied with the fracture toughness requirements defined by ASME B31.12, confirming the suitability of the analyzed steels for hydrogen service according to the normative framework. The consistency and repeatability of the results confirm the validity of the electrochemical precharging method as a practical tool for both research and industrial applications. Compared to conventional high-pressure testing, it is simpler, less expensive, and more flexible, while maintaining reliability. For these reasons, this method represents a useful basis for evaluating the behavior of steels in hydrogen environments and for supporting the safe design of hydrogen transport infrastructures.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_Albani_Tesi_01.pdf
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2025_10_Albani_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243623