This experimental thesis analyzes the structural evolution of thin chromium oxide films. Chromium-based coatings are of particular interest for Accident-Tolerant Fuels (ATFs) and Lead-cooled Fast Reactors (LFRs), where materials must withstand high temperatures, radiation, and strongly corrosive environments. Understanding the formation of chromium oxides is therefore critical for better engineering their characteristics, thus optimizing their corrosion protection capabilities. Chromium thin films were deposited on silicon substrates using High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) and HiPIMS with bias, two deposition techniques known for producing dense coatings with good mechanical properties. The samples underwent an annealing treatmnent in the range of 400–800 °C, for durations of one and three hours. Raman spectroscopy, employed with two excitation wavelengths (514 nm and 457 nm), was chosen as the main characterization technique for its ability to examine the structure of materials in depth. Complementary previous results, including Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction, were also used to complete the analyses. The results show the exclusive formation of Cr2O3 (chromia) with increased crystallinity level at higher annealing temperatures. Moreover, films deposited with HiPIMS with bias required higher temperatures to crystallize. At 700–800 °C, film delamination from the substrate revealed the limitations of silicon substrates for high-temperature testing. Finally, an unexpected resonance effect in the Raman spectra performed with the 457 nm laser and a defect-related photoluminescence band were detected. Overall, this work demonstrates the suitability of Raman spectroscopy for investigating thin chromium oxide films and offers a deeper understanding of their structure after the annealing treatment.
In questa tesi sperimentale è analizzata l’evoluzione della struttura di film sottili di ossidi di cromo. I rivestimenti a base di cromo sono di particolare interesse per gli Accident-Tolerant Fuels (ATFs) e per i Lead-cooled Fast Reactors (LFRs), nei quali i materiali devono sopportare alte temperature, radiazioni e ambienti fortemente corrosivi. Comprendere la formazione degli ossidi di cromo è perciò di fondamentale importanza per poter ingegnerizzare le loro caratteristiche, così da ottimizzare le loro capacità di proteggere dalla corrosione. I film sottili di cromo sono stati depositati su un substrato di silicio usando l’High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) e l’HiPIMS con bias, due tecniche di deposizione in grado di produrre film densi e con buone proprietà meccaniche. I campioni sono stati sottoposti a un trattamento di annealing in un range di temperature di 400-800 °C per una e tre ore. La spettroscopia Raman, impiegata con due differenti lunghezze d’onda di eccitazione (514 nm e 457 nm), è stata scelta come principale tecnica di caratterizzazione per la sua capacità di esaminare approfonditamente la struttura dei materiali. Sono inoltre state condotte delle analisi complementari, che comprendono Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, e X-Ray Diffraction. I risultati mostrano la formazione esclusiva di Cr2O3 (cromia) con livelli di cristallinità crescenti a temperature di annealing maggiori. Inoltre, i film depositati con l’HiPIMS con bias hanno richiesto temperature superiori per cristallizzare. A 700-800 °C, la delaminazione dei film ha rivelato le limitazioni dei substrati in silicio per le prove ad alta temperatura. Infine, sono stati individuati un inatteso effetto di risonanza nelle analisi con il laser a 457 nm e una fotoluminescenza legata alla presenza di difetti. In conclusione, questo lavoro dimostra l’idoneità della spettroscopia Raman per analizzare film sottili di ossido di cromo e offre una migliore comprensione della loro struttura a seguito del trattamento di annealing.
Investigation by Raman spectrocopy of chromium oxide films for corrosion mitigaton in nuclear reactors
Massari, Letizia
2024/2025
Abstract
This experimental thesis analyzes the structural evolution of thin chromium oxide films. Chromium-based coatings are of particular interest for Accident-Tolerant Fuels (ATFs) and Lead-cooled Fast Reactors (LFRs), where materials must withstand high temperatures, radiation, and strongly corrosive environments. Understanding the formation of chromium oxides is therefore critical for better engineering their characteristics, thus optimizing their corrosion protection capabilities. Chromium thin films were deposited on silicon substrates using High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) and HiPIMS with bias, two deposition techniques known for producing dense coatings with good mechanical properties. The samples underwent an annealing treatmnent in the range of 400–800 °C, for durations of one and three hours. Raman spectroscopy, employed with two excitation wavelengths (514 nm and 457 nm), was chosen as the main characterization technique for its ability to examine the structure of materials in depth. Complementary previous results, including Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction, were also used to complete the analyses. The results show the exclusive formation of Cr2O3 (chromia) with increased crystallinity level at higher annealing temperatures. Moreover, films deposited with HiPIMS with bias required higher temperatures to crystallize. At 700–800 °C, film delamination from the substrate revealed the limitations of silicon substrates for high-temperature testing. Finally, an unexpected resonance effect in the Raman spectra performed with the 457 nm laser and a defect-related photoluminescence band were detected. Overall, this work demonstrates the suitability of Raman spectroscopy for investigating thin chromium oxide films and offers a deeper understanding of their structure after the annealing treatment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_09_Massari_Tesi_01.pdf
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2025_09_Massari_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243715