Frugal innovation, despite its growing popularity in academic circles and rising interest from institutions, has predominantly been theorised and explored empirically within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where resource scarcity is a material and structural condition. Consequently, most of the existing literature has focused on cost-minimising design principles, grassroots entrepreneurship and market strategies driven by affordability. The present study aims to challenge and expand this narrative by exploring whether frugal innovation can emerge endogenously within high-income countries (HICs). Indeed, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the specific features and enabling conditions that characterise frugal innovation in healthcare in the Italian ecosystem and to examine whether it can offer an effective alternative to dominant innovation models, particularly within the health sector, where complexity, cost escalation and systemic inertia increasingly constrain traditional pathways. Starting from this, the research question was tested and validated through fifteen semi-structured interviews with various innovators, adopting a qualitative directed content analysis method, whose findings were debated in the Discussion section. Among the key findings, some were considered relevant as they shed light on the distinctive properties of frugal innovation led in high-income contexts. First and foremost, while frugality in LMICs frequently stems as a necessity, in HICs it often emerges from a deliberate choice: a refusal to pursue ‘complexity for its own sake’ and an ethical commitment to answer real unmet health needs, which are typically niche demands voiced by individuals affected by rare and non-lucrative conditions, systematically excluded from mainstream innovation circuits due to their limited market appeal. In parallel, while in LMICs frugality often manifests as the creative reuse of constrained resources, in HICs it increasingly translates into the strategic convergence of diverse actors and knowledge domains, where value is generated through participatory processes and cross-disciplinary collaboration. This paradigm shift is particularly evident in the widespread adoption of open-source strategies, which enable communities to co-create, adapt and freely share solutions without the constraints of proprietary logics, offering a viable trajectory toward more equitable and sustainable healthcare systems.
L’innovazione frugale, nonostante una crescente popolarità nei contesti accademici ed istituzionali, è stata finora teorizzata ed esplorata quasi esclusivamente nei Paesi a basso e medio reddito, nei quali la scarsità di risorse rappresenta una condizione strutturale. Di conseguenza, gran parte della letteratura esistente si è concentrata su approcci di design a basso costo, imprenditorialità dal basso e strategie di mercato guidate dall'accessibilità economica. Il presente studio si propone di ampliare tale narrazione, indagando se e in che modo l’innovazione frugale possa emergere in maniera endogena anche nei Paesi ad alto reddito. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di individuare le caratteristiche specifiche che contraddistinguono l’innovazione frugale in ambito sanitario nel contesto italiano, e di valutare se essa possa costituire un’alternativa ai modelli di innovazione dominanti, in particolare nel settore della salute, dove la complessità, la pressione sui costi e l’immobilismo istituzionale vincolano sempre più i percorsi tradizionali. A partire da queste premesse, la domanda di ricerca è stata testata e validata tramite quindici interviste semi-strutturate a promotori di iniziative frugali, adottando un metodo qualitativo di analisi dei risultati, successivamente esaminati nella fase di Discussione. Fra i temi emersi alcuni sono stati considerati di particolare rilevanza, in quanto hanno evidenziato le proprietà distintive dell’innovazione frugale nei contesti sviluppati. In primo luogo, mentre nei Paesi a basso reddito la frugalità nasce prevalentemente come una necessità, nei Paesi ad alto reddito essa si manifesta spesso come una scelta consapevole: un rifiuto della complessità fine a se stessa e un impegno morale nel rispondere a bisogni di salute reali e insoddisfatti. Questi corrispondono tipicamente a richieste di nicchia espresse da individui affetti da condizioni rare o non redditizie secondo le dominanti logiche di mercato, che vengono dunque sistematicamente ignorate dai sistemi sanitari tradizionali. Parallelamente, se nei Paesi in via di sviluppo la frugalità è ravvisabile principalmente nel riuso creativo di risorse, nei Paesi sviluppati essa si traduce nella collaborazione strategica tra attori con competenze ed interessi di varia natura, e dunque nella creazione di valore attraverso processi partecipativi. Questo cambio di paradigma è evidente nell'adozione diffusa di strategie open source che permettono agli attori del tessuto sociale di co-creare, adattare e condividere liberamente soluzioni innovative, offrendo una possibile via verso sistemi sanitari più equi e sostenibili.
Navigating frugal healthcare innovation: insights from an exploratory study in Italy
MONTRASIO, AGNESE
2024/2025
Abstract
Frugal innovation, despite its growing popularity in academic circles and rising interest from institutions, has predominantly been theorised and explored empirically within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where resource scarcity is a material and structural condition. Consequently, most of the existing literature has focused on cost-minimising design principles, grassroots entrepreneurship and market strategies driven by affordability. The present study aims to challenge and expand this narrative by exploring whether frugal innovation can emerge endogenously within high-income countries (HICs). Indeed, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the specific features and enabling conditions that characterise frugal innovation in healthcare in the Italian ecosystem and to examine whether it can offer an effective alternative to dominant innovation models, particularly within the health sector, where complexity, cost escalation and systemic inertia increasingly constrain traditional pathways. Starting from this, the research question was tested and validated through fifteen semi-structured interviews with various innovators, adopting a qualitative directed content analysis method, whose findings were debated in the Discussion section. Among the key findings, some were considered relevant as they shed light on the distinctive properties of frugal innovation led in high-income contexts. First and foremost, while frugality in LMICs frequently stems as a necessity, in HICs it often emerges from a deliberate choice: a refusal to pursue ‘complexity for its own sake’ and an ethical commitment to answer real unmet health needs, which are typically niche demands voiced by individuals affected by rare and non-lucrative conditions, systematically excluded from mainstream innovation circuits due to their limited market appeal. In parallel, while in LMICs frugality often manifests as the creative reuse of constrained resources, in HICs it increasingly translates into the strategic convergence of diverse actors and knowledge domains, where value is generated through participatory processes and cross-disciplinary collaboration. This paradigm shift is particularly evident in the widespread adoption of open-source strategies, which enable communities to co-create, adapt and freely share solutions without the constraints of proprietary logics, offering a viable trajectory toward more equitable and sustainable healthcare systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243756