In the post-World War II period, Tokyo experienced significant economic growth, especially in the financial, insurance, and real estate sectors, impacting the inner city’s spatial economy. Urban planning focused on economic expansion rather than improving urban living quality. Rapid population growth and the rise of secondary and tertiary industries led to urban sprawl, resulting in a mix of agricultural villages and haphazard settlements, creating Tokyo’s unique blend of urban and agricultural environments. Recognising the importance of nature in cities and combating urban biodiversity decline, the Productive Green Land Act was enacted in 1992. This act reduced land taxes for farmers who agreed to use their land exclusively for agriculture for 30 years, protecting urban farmers and preserving Tokyo’s urban-rural mix. With the law now expired, however, there is a risk that much of this land could be converted into housing developments. The thesis structure is divided into two parts: the observational analysis of Taiken Noen and the design project in Nishiya Agricultural Area, a 2500m² approx. site near Nishiya Station, to enhance urban farming participation and comfort through geometric optimisation. The first part focuses on Taiken Noen (literally, experience farm), an urban farming system where land-owning farmers enable residents experience farming. The aim was to document this initiative, largely unknown in the West, to help preserve productive urban land. An observational analysis of 30 Taiken Noen in Tokyo Special Ward area was conducted, with data sheets created to collect information and architectural drawings. This analysis identified strengths and weaknesses in sociality, economy, and environmental protection, crucial for urban farming’s success. The second part, based on these findings, improvements were tested in the Nishiya Agricultural Area. The project involved designing three types of self-build timber structures - Eco Shelter, Eco Bar, and Eco Class - using a modular system and a participatory construction method. The absence of fencing and unique pathways connected the farm to public spaces, promoting visibility and accessibility. Visual and thermal analyses were conducted to optimise comfort in these structures, particularly in the Eco Shelter, which showed significant improvements over existing Greenhouses. Eco Shelter was subjected to a multi-objective optimisation of the data process with an evolutionary algorithm. The objective was to maximise light and thermal comfort performance through geometric optimisation of the building to provide comfortable spaces in which to carry out one’s activities. This made it possible to compare the results of the comfort analysis of the planned buildings with the existing ones. In particular, the typology of greenhouses, the only indoor spaces currently used in Taiken Noen. The research demonstrates that the weaknesses observed in the Nishiya Agricultural Area can be addressed through strategic improvements. By introducing a thoughtfully designed public circulation system, the project enhanced accessibility and flow, creating a more inviting and navigable space. Unique architectural designs provided a clear and cohesive visual identity, making it easier to recognise and engage with different areas of the farm. Additionally, the integration of street furniture, such as tables and benches, enriched the educational aspect and provided comfortable spaces for learning and interaction. The visual and thermal analyses showed significant improvements, with the best result achieving a 59.75% comfort level - an increase of 16.17% over the Greenhouse. Specifically, the hot hours of discomfort decreased from 31.86% (Greenhouse) to 15.37% (Eco Shelter Optimised), representing a 50% reduction. This is crucial for buildings serving Taiken Noen, as the summer period is essential for agriculture. In conclusion, the Eco Shelter, even without the optimisation process, improved comfort conditions compared to existing buildings. This suggests that future research should focus on a sensitivity analysis to better understand which parameters most significantly influenced our results.
Nel periodo successivo alla Seconda Guerra Mondiale, Tokyo ha vissuto una significativa crescita economica, in particolare nei settori finanziario, assicurativo e immobiliare, che ha influenzato l’economia spaziale della città interna. La pianificazione urbana si è concentrata sull’espansione economica piuttosto che sul miglioramento della qualità della vita urbana. La rapida crescita demografica e l’ascesa delle industrie secondarie e terziarie hanno portato a un’espansione urbana incontrollata, che ha generato un mix di villaggi agricoli e insediamenti disordinati, creando il caratteristico intreccio di ambienti urbani e agricoli di Tokyo. Riconoscendo l’importanza della natura nelle città e contrastando il declino della biodiversità urbana, nel 1992 è stata promulgata la Productive Green Land Act. Questa legge riduceva le tasse sui terreni agricoli per i proprietari che si impegnavano a utilizzarli esclusivamente a fini agricoli per 30 anni, proteggendo così gli agricoltori urbani e preservando il carattere misto urbano-rurale di Tokyo. Con la scadenza della legge, tuttavia, esiste ora il rischio che gran parte di questi terreni venga convertita in aree residenziali. La struttura della tesi si divide in due parti: l’analisi osservativa dei Taiken Noen e il progetto di design nell’area agricola di Nishiya, un sito di circa 2500 m² vicino alla stazione di Nishiya, volto a incrementare la partecipazione all’agricoltura urbana e il comfort attraverso l’ottimizzazione geometrica. La prima parte si concentra sui Taiken Noen (letteralmente “fattorie esperienziali”), un sistema di agricoltura urbana in cui gli agricoltori proprietari dei terreni permettono ai residenti di sperimentare direttamente la coltivazione. L’obiettivo era documentare questa iniziativa, poco conosciuta in Occidente, per contribuire a preservare le aree agricole produttive in città. È stata quindi condotta un’analisi osservativa di 30 Taiken Noen nell’area delle Tokyo Special Wards, con la raccolta di informazioni tramite schede e la realizzazione di disegni architettonici. Da questa analisi sono emersi punti di forza e di debolezza nelle dimensioni della socialità, dell’economia e della protezione ambientale, aspetti cruciali per il successo dell’agricoltura urbana. La seconda parte, basata su questi risultati, ha previsto interventi di miglioramento testati nell’area agricola di Nishiya. Il progetto ha riguardato la progettazione di tre tipologie di strutture in legno autocostruibili - Eco Shelter, Eco Bar ed Eco Class - sviluppate con un sistema modulare e un metodo di costruzione partecipata. L’assenza di recinzioni e la creazione di percorsi specifici hanno collegato la fattoria agli spazi pubblici, promuovendone la visibilità e l’accessibilità. Sono state condotte analisi visive e termiche per ottimizzare il comfort all’interno delle strutture, in particolare nell’Eco Shelter, che ha mostrato miglioramenti significativi rispetto alle serre esistenti. L’Eco Shelter è stato sottoposto a un processo di ottimizzazione multi-obiettivo con algoritmo evolutivo. L’obiettivo era massimizzare le prestazioni in termini di luce naturale e comfort termico attraverso l’ottimizzazione geometrica dell’edificio, per offrire spazi confortevoli dove svolgere le attività. Ciò ha permesso di confrontare i risultati dell’analisi di comfort delle nuove strutture con quelle esistenti, in particolare con le serre, attualmente gli unici spazi chiusi presenti nei Taiken Noen. La ricerca dimostra che le criticità osservate nell’area agricola di Nishiya possono essere affrontate attraverso miglioramenti strategici. L’introduzione di un sistema di circolazione pubblica ben progettato ha aumentato l’accessibilità e la fluidità degli spostamenti, creando uno spazio più accogliente e facilmente percorribile. I progetti architettonici unici hanno fornito un’identità visiva chiara e coerente, facilitando il riconoscimento e l’interazione con le diverse aree della fattoria. Inoltre, l’integrazione di arredi urbani, come tavoli e panche, ha arricchito l’aspetto educativo e offerto spazi confortevoli per l’apprendimento e la socialità. Le analisi visive e termiche hanno mostrato miglioramenti significativi, con il miglior risultato che ha raggiunto un livello di comfort del 59,75%, pari a un incremento del 16,17% rispetto alla serra tradizionale. In particolare, le ore di discomfort termico durante il caldo sono diminuite dal 31,86% (serra) al 15,37% (Eco Shelter ottimizzato), con una riduzione del 50%. Questo risultato è cruciale per gli edifici destinati ai Taiken Noen, dato che il periodo estivo è fondamentale per le attività agricole. In conclusione, l’Eco Shelter, anche senza il processo di ottimizzazione, ha migliorato le condizioni di comfort rispetto agli edifici esistenti. Ciò suggerisce che le ricerche future dovrebbero concentrarsi su un’analisi di sensibilità, per comprendere meglio quali parametri abbiano influenzato maggiormente i risultati ottenuti.
Geometrical optimisation for visual and thermal comfort in self-build timber architecture for urban agriculture: design research in Nishiya (Kanagawa)
Braiotta, Alberto
2024/2025
Abstract
In the post-World War II period, Tokyo experienced significant economic growth, especially in the financial, insurance, and real estate sectors, impacting the inner city’s spatial economy. Urban planning focused on economic expansion rather than improving urban living quality. Rapid population growth and the rise of secondary and tertiary industries led to urban sprawl, resulting in a mix of agricultural villages and haphazard settlements, creating Tokyo’s unique blend of urban and agricultural environments. Recognising the importance of nature in cities and combating urban biodiversity decline, the Productive Green Land Act was enacted in 1992. This act reduced land taxes for farmers who agreed to use their land exclusively for agriculture for 30 years, protecting urban farmers and preserving Tokyo’s urban-rural mix. With the law now expired, however, there is a risk that much of this land could be converted into housing developments. The thesis structure is divided into two parts: the observational analysis of Taiken Noen and the design project in Nishiya Agricultural Area, a 2500m² approx. site near Nishiya Station, to enhance urban farming participation and comfort through geometric optimisation. The first part focuses on Taiken Noen (literally, experience farm), an urban farming system where land-owning farmers enable residents experience farming. The aim was to document this initiative, largely unknown in the West, to help preserve productive urban land. An observational analysis of 30 Taiken Noen in Tokyo Special Ward area was conducted, with data sheets created to collect information and architectural drawings. This analysis identified strengths and weaknesses in sociality, economy, and environmental protection, crucial for urban farming’s success. The second part, based on these findings, improvements were tested in the Nishiya Agricultural Area. The project involved designing three types of self-build timber structures - Eco Shelter, Eco Bar, and Eco Class - using a modular system and a participatory construction method. The absence of fencing and unique pathways connected the farm to public spaces, promoting visibility and accessibility. Visual and thermal analyses were conducted to optimise comfort in these structures, particularly in the Eco Shelter, which showed significant improvements over existing Greenhouses. Eco Shelter was subjected to a multi-objective optimisation of the data process with an evolutionary algorithm. The objective was to maximise light and thermal comfort performance through geometric optimisation of the building to provide comfortable spaces in which to carry out one’s activities. This made it possible to compare the results of the comfort analysis of the planned buildings with the existing ones. In particular, the typology of greenhouses, the only indoor spaces currently used in Taiken Noen. The research demonstrates that the weaknesses observed in the Nishiya Agricultural Area can be addressed through strategic improvements. By introducing a thoughtfully designed public circulation system, the project enhanced accessibility and flow, creating a more inviting and navigable space. Unique architectural designs provided a clear and cohesive visual identity, making it easier to recognise and engage with different areas of the farm. Additionally, the integration of street furniture, such as tables and benches, enriched the educational aspect and provided comfortable spaces for learning and interaction. The visual and thermal analyses showed significant improvements, with the best result achieving a 59.75% comfort level - an increase of 16.17% over the Greenhouse. Specifically, the hot hours of discomfort decreased from 31.86% (Greenhouse) to 15.37% (Eco Shelter Optimised), representing a 50% reduction. This is crucial for buildings serving Taiken Noen, as the summer period is essential for agriculture. In conclusion, the Eco Shelter, even without the optimisation process, improved comfort conditions compared to existing buildings. This suggests that future research should focus on a sensitivity analysis to better understand which parameters most significantly influenced our results.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243803