This thesis presents a practical methodology for the detection and characterization of noise generated by air in electrodynamic loudspeakers, with a specific focus on the aerodynamic and structural phenomena occurring at the rear of the transducer. Acoustic emissions radiated from the rear of the loudspeaker are scarcely addressed in conventional testing procedures, and no established methodologies currently exist to in- vestigate them. Developing a dedicated approach to this aspect provides an opportunity to explore, for the first time in a systematic way, the physical mechanisms underlying the rear acoustic behavior of the transducer. The system combines the use of multiple microphones, custom MATLAB scripts, and con- trolled excitation signals based on coherent sampling. It enables simultaneous acquisition from different positions, automatic noise subtraction, and the calculation of synthetic met- rics such as the Noise Index and the MOD indicators, which allow a compact description of the spectral residual not explained by the harmonic content. The experimental campaign was conducted on several loudspeaker models, including pro- totypes provided by Eighteen Sound and B&C Speakers, both in laboratory conditions and in anechoic chamber. The results highlight significant differences among drivers in terms of rear air-generated noise, showing a clear dependence on excitation amplitude and a strong correlation with the airflow regime inside the vent ducts, as confirmed by laser vibrometer measurements and Reynolds number estimation. The methodology proposed in this work provides a systematic framework for analyzing a phenomenon often overlooked by standard loudspeaker testing, paving the way for more comprehensive quality assessment procedures and for the design of quieter, more efficient transducers.
La presente tesi propone una metodologia pratica per la rilevazione e la caratterizzazione del rumore generato dall’aria negli altoparlanti elettrodinamici, con particolare atten- zione ai fenomeni aerodinamici e strutturali che si sviluppano nella parte posteriore del trasduttore. Le emissioni acustiche irradiate posteriormente dagli altoparlanti sono scarsamente trat- tate nelle procedure di test convenzionali e non esistono metodologie consolidate per la loro analisi. Lo sviluppo di un approccio dedicato a questo aspetto rappresenta quindi un’opportunità per indagare, per la prima volta in maniera sistematica, i meccanismi fisici che governano il comportamento acustico posteriore del trasduttore. Il sistema di misura sviluppato combina l’utilizzo di più microfoni, script MATLAB per- sonalizzati e segnali di eccitazione generati in regime di campionamento coerente. Esso consente l’acquisizione simultanea da diverse posizioni, la sottrazione automatica del ru- more ambientale e il calcolo di metriche sintetiche come il Noise Index e gli indicatori MOD, che permettono una descrizione compatta del residuo spettrale non spiegato dal contenuto armonico. La campagna sperimentale è stata condotta su diversi modelli di al- toparlante, inclusi prototipi forniti da Eighteen Sound e B&C Speakers, sia in laboratorio sia in camera anecoica. I risultati hanno evidenziato differenze significative tra i trasdut- tori in termini di rumore posteriore generato dall’aria, mostrando una chiara dipendenza dall’ampiezza di eccitazione e una forte correlazione con il regime di flusso all’interno dei condotti di ventilazione, come confermato da misure con vibrometro laser e dalla stima del numero di Reynolds. La metodologia proposta fornisce un quadro sistematico per l’analisi di un fenomeno spesso trascurato nelle prove standard sugli altoparlanti, aprendo la strada a procedure di valutazione qualitativa più complete e alla progettazione di trasduttori più silenziosi ed efficienti.
Investigation of non-linear noise in electrodynamic loudspeakers : a practical methodology for the detection of noise
Barbieri, Davide
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis presents a practical methodology for the detection and characterization of noise generated by air in electrodynamic loudspeakers, with a specific focus on the aerodynamic and structural phenomena occurring at the rear of the transducer. Acoustic emissions radiated from the rear of the loudspeaker are scarcely addressed in conventional testing procedures, and no established methodologies currently exist to in- vestigate them. Developing a dedicated approach to this aspect provides an opportunity to explore, for the first time in a systematic way, the physical mechanisms underlying the rear acoustic behavior of the transducer. The system combines the use of multiple microphones, custom MATLAB scripts, and con- trolled excitation signals based on coherent sampling. It enables simultaneous acquisition from different positions, automatic noise subtraction, and the calculation of synthetic met- rics such as the Noise Index and the MOD indicators, which allow a compact description of the spectral residual not explained by the harmonic content. The experimental campaign was conducted on several loudspeaker models, including pro- totypes provided by Eighteen Sound and B&C Speakers, both in laboratory conditions and in anechoic chamber. The results highlight significant differences among drivers in terms of rear air-generated noise, showing a clear dependence on excitation amplitude and a strong correlation with the airflow regime inside the vent ducts, as confirmed by laser vibrometer measurements and Reynolds number estimation. The methodology proposed in this work provides a systematic framework for analyzing a phenomenon often overlooked by standard loudspeaker testing, paving the way for more comprehensive quality assessment procedures and for the design of quieter, more efficient transducers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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DAVIDE_BARBIERI_tesi_MAE.pdf
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57.59 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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Executive_Summary_DAVIDE_BARBIERI.pdf
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3.36 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243808