This thesis focuses on establishing a protocol to prepare gold (Au) electrodes and functionalize them with thiol-based biomolecules for detecting target molecules in liquid environments using electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and chronocoulometry (CC). In this study, single-stranded thiolated DNA (tDNA, COCU8) molecules are immobilized on the electrode surface as sensing probes for the detection of their complementary DNA strand (COCU10, the target). The workflow begins with the evaluation of electrode cleaning methods, comparing oxygen plasma, piranha solution, and CV in alkaline solutions. Electrochemical cycling in basic media was found to be the most effective and suitable method for this application. Following cleaning, electrodes were functionalized with tDNA and subsequently passivated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-mercapto-6-hexanol (MCH). This blocking step reduced noise—particularly oxygen reduction currents at −0.3V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3M KCl)—and minimized nonspecific adsorption. After validation of these steps by fluorescence imaging, electrodes were incubated for 1 h in solutions with different tDNA concentrations and then blocked with MCH. The estimated probe density for electrodes incubated in 10μM tDNA solution was 1.02 × 10¹² probes/cm² (corresponding to one probe per 10 nm × 10 nm square). The probe density was found to scale with the natural logarithm of the ratio of tDNA concentrations in the incubation solutions, consistent with Langmuir adsorption isotherm behaviour. For instance, electrodes incubated in 1μM solution exhibited a density of 5.01 × 10¹¹ probes/cm² (one probe per 14 nm × 14 nm square). These results were validated by SWV measurements of functionalized electrodes hybridized for 2 h with complementary strands labelled with ferrocene. The SWV data confirmed the chronocoulometric estimates, showing peak currents proportional to the logarithmic scaling of tDNA incubation concentrations. Further fluorescence analysis confirmed that the CC and SWV results were directly correlated to the adsorbed tDNA probe density, demonstrating reproducibility and agreement with values reported in the literature.
Questa tesi si concentra sulla definizione di un protocollo per la preparazione di elettrodi d’oro (Au) e la loro funzionalizzazione con biomolecole tiolate al fine di rilevare molecole target in ambienti liquidi mediante tecniche elettrochimiche quali la voltammetria ciclica (CV), la voltammetria a onda quadra (SWV) e la cronocoulometria (CC). In questo studio, molecole di DNA a singolo filamento tiolate (tDNA, COCU8) sono state immobilizzate sulla superficie degli elettrodi come sonde di rilevamento per l’individuazione del filamento complementare (COCU10, il target). Il flusso di lavoro inizia con la valutazione dei metodi di pulizia degli elettrodi, confrontando plasma di ossigeno, soluzione piranha e CV in soluzioni alcaline. Il ciclo elettrochimico in ambiente basico è risultato il metodo più efficace e adatto per questa applicazione. Dopo la pulizia, gli elettrodi sono stati funzionalizzati con tDNA e successivamente passivati mediante un monostrato autoassemblato (SAM) di 1-mercapto-6-esanolo (MCH). Questo passaggio di blocco ha ridotto il rumore — in particolare le correnti di riduzione dell’ossigeno a −0,3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3M KCl) — e minimizzato le adsorbimenti aspecifici. Dopo la validazione di questi passaggi tramite imaging a fluorescenza, gli elettrodi sono stati incubati per 1 h in soluzioni contenenti diverse concentrazioni di tDNA e successivamente bloccati con MCH. La densità di sonde stimata per elettrodi incubati in una soluzione di tDNA a 10 μM è risultata pari a 1,02 × 10¹² sonde/cm² (corrispondente a una sonda per ogni quadrato di 10 nm × 10 nm). È stato osservato che la densità delle sonde cresce in funzione del logaritmo naturale del rapporto tra le concentrazioni di tDNA nelle soluzioni di incubazione, in accordo con il comportamento previsto dall’isoterma di adsorbimento di Langmuir. Ad esempio, elettrodi incubati in soluzione a 1 μM hanno mostrato una densità di 5,01 × 10¹¹ sonde/cm² (una sonda per ogni quadrato di 14 nm × 14 nm). Questi risultati sono stati validati da misure SWV su elettrodi funzionalizzati e ibridati per 2 h con filamenti complementari marcati con ferrocene. I dati SWV hanno confermato le stime cronocoulometriche, mostrando correnti di picco proporzionali alla scalatura logaritmica delle concentrazioni di incubazione del tDNA. Ulteriori analisi di fluorescenza hanno confermato che i risultati ottenuti da CC e SWV erano direttamente correlati alla densità di tDNA adsorbito, dimostrando riproducibilità e coerenza con i valori riportati in letteratura.
Electrochemical detection and quantitation of thiol-based organic molecules on gold electrodes: a DNA case study
ATTA ASAMOAH, EVANS
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis focuses on establishing a protocol to prepare gold (Au) electrodes and functionalize them with thiol-based biomolecules for detecting target molecules in liquid environments using electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and chronocoulometry (CC). In this study, single-stranded thiolated DNA (tDNA, COCU8) molecules are immobilized on the electrode surface as sensing probes for the detection of their complementary DNA strand (COCU10, the target). The workflow begins with the evaluation of electrode cleaning methods, comparing oxygen plasma, piranha solution, and CV in alkaline solutions. Electrochemical cycling in basic media was found to be the most effective and suitable method for this application. Following cleaning, electrodes were functionalized with tDNA and subsequently passivated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-mercapto-6-hexanol (MCH). This blocking step reduced noise—particularly oxygen reduction currents at −0.3V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3M KCl)—and minimized nonspecific adsorption. After validation of these steps by fluorescence imaging, electrodes were incubated for 1 h in solutions with different tDNA concentrations and then blocked with MCH. The estimated probe density for electrodes incubated in 10μM tDNA solution was 1.02 × 10¹² probes/cm² (corresponding to one probe per 10 nm × 10 nm square). The probe density was found to scale with the natural logarithm of the ratio of tDNA concentrations in the incubation solutions, consistent with Langmuir adsorption isotherm behaviour. For instance, electrodes incubated in 1μM solution exhibited a density of 5.01 × 10¹¹ probes/cm² (one probe per 14 nm × 14 nm square). These results were validated by SWV measurements of functionalized electrodes hybridized for 2 h with complementary strands labelled with ferrocene. The SWV data confirmed the chronocoulometric estimates, showing peak currents proportional to the logarithmic scaling of tDNA incubation concentrations. Further fluorescence analysis confirmed that the CC and SWV results were directly correlated to the adsorbed tDNA probe density, demonstrating reproducibility and agreement with values reported in the literature.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_09_Executive_Summary_Atta_Asamoah_01.pdf
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2025_09_Atta_Asamoah_Tesi_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243916