Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, often associated with gait alterations. Most studies have focused on spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters, with limited investigation of gait kinetics. This thesis aims to identify and analyze key kinematic and kinetic parameters that contribute to motor impairments in individuals with MS. The dataset used in this study was provided by the Movement Analysis Laboratory of Università degli Studi di Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy) . It included data from forty-five MS patients who had undergone three-dimensional gait analysis using a stereophotogram¬metric motion capture system synchronized with force plates. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data were extracted and compared through t-tests and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) with those of a control group of forty-four age-matched healthy subjects, obtained from the database of the “Luigi Divieti” Labora¬tory of Politecnico di Milano. Results confirmed that MS subjects walked at lower speeds than controls, with shorter step and stride lengths, and greater step width. They walked with reduced ankle range of motion (ROM), reduced knee flexion and hip extension, and greater external foot progression and hip adduction. In mid-stance, MS subjects exhibited increased ankle plantarflexor and hip extensor moments, reduced knee extensor moment, and reduced knee power generation and hip power absorption. In late stance, they showed reduced ankle plantarflexor moment, reduced ankle and hip power generation, and reduced knee power absorption. GRF analysis revealed greater vertical force in loading re¬sponse, lower vertical and anterior forces in late stance, and asymmetrical mediolateral support: more medial on the right limb and more lateral on the left limb. Results confirmed spatiotemporal and most kinematic alterations that had already been assessed in the literature. Novel insights were offered into kinetic parameters, revealing impaired propulsion and energy absorption, and a more lateral support compared to controls. Findings highlighted biomechanical strategies adopted by MS subjects to increase stability and balance, although compromising efficiency. This work offers a valuable reference for future research to develop targeted rehabilitation programs to improve functional independence and quality of life of people with MS.
La sclerosi multipla (SM) è una malattia cronica autoimmune del sistema nervoso centrale, spesso associata ad alterazioni del cammino. La ricerca si è focalizzata su parametri spaziotemporali e cinematici, con pochi studi sulla dinamica. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è l’identificazione e l’analisi di parametri cinematici e dinamici chiave che contribuiscono ai deficit motori delle persone con SM. Il dataset usato in questo studio è stato fornito dal Laboratorio di Analisi del Movimento degli Studi di Cagliari (Sardegna, Italia). Questo comprendeva i dati di quarantacinque pazienti con SM sottoposti ad analisi tridimensionale del cammino tramite sistema stereofotogrammetrico sincronizzato con piattaforme di forza. Dati spaziotemporali, cinematici e dinamici sono stati acquisiti e confrontati tramite t-test e Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) con quelli di un gruppo di controllo composto da quarantaquattro soggetti sani, ottenuti dal database del Laboratorio “Luigi Divieti” del Politecnico di Milano. I risultati hanno confermato che i soggetti con SM camminavano a velocità ridotta rispetto al controllo, con passi e falcate più corti e una maggiore larghezza del passo. I pazienti camminavano con ridotto range di movimento (ROM) di caviglia, minore flessione di ginocchio ed estensione d’anca, maggiore adduzione d’anca e rotazione esterna del piede. In mid-stance, i soggetti con SM hanno mostrato maggiore momento plantarflessore di caviglia ed estensore d’anca, ridotto momento estensore di ginocchio e minore potenza generata dal ginocchio e assorbita dall’anca. In late stance, il gruppo SM ha esibito ridotto momento plantarflessore di caviglia, minore potenza generata a livello di caviglia e anca e minore potenza assorbita dal ginocchio. L’analisi delle GRF ha evidenziato maggiore forza verticale nella fase di loading response, ridotta forza verticale e anteriore in late stance e un appoggio medio-laterale asimmetrico: più mediale nell’arto destro e più laterale nell’arto sinistro. I risultati tendono a confermare le alterazioni spaziotemporali e cinematiche note, mentre le evidenze riportate su alterazioni dinamiche hanno rivelato una compromessa capacità di propulsione e assorbimento di energia, oltre ad un supporto più laterale rispetto al controllo. Questi risultati riflettono strategie biomeccaniche adottate da soggetti con SM per aumentare stabilità ed equilibrio, a discapito dell’efficienza. Questo lavoro vuole essere un punto di riferimento per studi futuri e contribuire allo sviluppo di protocolli riabilitativi mirati, al fine di migliorare l’indipendenza funzionale e la qualità di vita di persone affette da SM.
Gait analysis in Multiple Sclerosis: characterization of kinematic and kinetic parameters
Pisani, Elena
2024/2025
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, often associated with gait alterations. Most studies have focused on spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters, with limited investigation of gait kinetics. This thesis aims to identify and analyze key kinematic and kinetic parameters that contribute to motor impairments in individuals with MS. The dataset used in this study was provided by the Movement Analysis Laboratory of Università degli Studi di Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy) . It included data from forty-five MS patients who had undergone three-dimensional gait analysis using a stereophotogram¬metric motion capture system synchronized with force plates. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data were extracted and compared through t-tests and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) with those of a control group of forty-four age-matched healthy subjects, obtained from the database of the “Luigi Divieti” Labora¬tory of Politecnico di Milano. Results confirmed that MS subjects walked at lower speeds than controls, with shorter step and stride lengths, and greater step width. They walked with reduced ankle range of motion (ROM), reduced knee flexion and hip extension, and greater external foot progression and hip adduction. In mid-stance, MS subjects exhibited increased ankle plantarflexor and hip extensor moments, reduced knee extensor moment, and reduced knee power generation and hip power absorption. In late stance, they showed reduced ankle plantarflexor moment, reduced ankle and hip power generation, and reduced knee power absorption. GRF analysis revealed greater vertical force in loading re¬sponse, lower vertical and anterior forces in late stance, and asymmetrical mediolateral support: more medial on the right limb and more lateral on the left limb. Results confirmed spatiotemporal and most kinematic alterations that had already been assessed in the literature. Novel insights were offered into kinetic parameters, revealing impaired propulsion and energy absorption, and a more lateral support compared to controls. Findings highlighted biomechanical strategies adopted by MS subjects to increase stability and balance, although compromising efficiency. This work offers a valuable reference for future research to develop targeted rehabilitation programs to improve functional independence and quality of life of people with MS.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243933