This thesis addresses the topic of fronthaul compression in next-generation mobile networks (5G Open RAN), with a specific focus on the impact on the uplink in real-world scenarios. In O-RAN architectures with split~7.2x, I/Q samples are transported from the Radio Unit (O-RU) to the Distributed Unit (O-DU), with the possibility of applying compression techniques to reduce the required fronthaul bandwidth. Among them, Block Floating-Point (BFP) with a 9-bit mantissa (BFP9) is one of the most widely standardized options. The work relies on an experimental evaluation using logs collected with OpenAirInterface and over-the-air (OTA) measurements with the NVIDIA Aerial platform and a commercial O-RU. The analysis introduces incremental metrics derived from gNB HARQ counters, which are able to capture the retransmission load variation introduced by compression. Results show that the penalty due to BFP9 is negligible for robust modulation and coding schemes (low MCS), while it becomes significant at higher MCS, where even a small SNR loss translates into a sharp increase in BLER and retransmissions. A prototype of dynamic compression is also presented, capable of switching the bitwidth of the samples at runtime, demonstrating the feasibility of adaptive strategies to balance fronthaul efficiency and radio reliability.
Questa tesi affronta il tema della compressione nel fronthaul delle reti mobili di nuova generazione (5G Open RAN), con particolare attenzione all’impatto sul collegamento uplink in scenari reali. In architetture O-RAN con split~7.2x, i campioni I/Q vengono trasmessi dalla Radio Unit (O-RU) alla Distributed Unit (O-DU), con la possibilità di applicare tecniche di compressione per ridurre la banda richiesta sul fronthaul. Tra queste, la Block Floating-Point (BFP) con mantissa a 9 bit (BFP9) rappresenta una delle opzioni standardizzate più diffuse. Il lavoro si basa su una valutazione sperimentale mediante log raccolti con OpenAirInterface e misure ottenute da esperimenti over-the-air (OTA) con piattaforma NVIDIA Aerial e O-RU commerciale. L’analisi introduce metriche incrementali derivate dai contatori HARQ del gNB, in grado di catturare la variazione del carico di ritrasmissioni introdotto dalla compressione. I risultati mostrano che la penalizzazione dovuta a BFP9 è trascurabile per schemi di modulazione e codifica robusti (MCS bassi), mentre diventa significativa a MCS elevati, dove anche una piccola perdita di SNR si traduce in un forte aumento della BLER e delle ritrasmissioni. È inoltre presentato un prototipo di compressione dinamica, capace di cambiare a runtime la bitwidth dei campioni, dimostrando la fattibilità di strategie adattive per bilanciare efficienza del fronthaul e affidabilità radio.
Towards intelligent fronthaul compression in O-RAN: insights on fronthaul compression performance
Ahmed, Riaz Luis
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis addresses the topic of fronthaul compression in next-generation mobile networks (5G Open RAN), with a specific focus on the impact on the uplink in real-world scenarios. In O-RAN architectures with split~7.2x, I/Q samples are transported from the Radio Unit (O-RU) to the Distributed Unit (O-DU), with the possibility of applying compression techniques to reduce the required fronthaul bandwidth. Among them, Block Floating-Point (BFP) with a 9-bit mantissa (BFP9) is one of the most widely standardized options. The work relies on an experimental evaluation using logs collected with OpenAirInterface and over-the-air (OTA) measurements with the NVIDIA Aerial platform and a commercial O-RU. The analysis introduces incremental metrics derived from gNB HARQ counters, which are able to capture the retransmission load variation introduced by compression. Results show that the penalty due to BFP9 is negligible for robust modulation and coding schemes (low MCS), while it becomes significant at higher MCS, where even a small SNR loss translates into a sharp increase in BLER and retransmissions. A prototype of dynamic compression is also presented, capable of switching the bitwidth of the samples at runtime, demonstrating the feasibility of adaptive strategies to balance fronthaul efficiency and radio reliability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_Ahmed_Tesi_01.pdf
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Descrizione: tesi
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2025_10_Ahmed_Executive_Summary_02.pdf
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Descrizione: executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243969