This research explores the history and the present context of a dispersed clan village in Luxian, China, drawing on landscape and architectural palimpsests as primary material sources, coupled with bibliographic research and diverse documentary sources - both published and unpublished - as well as oral accounts. A pivotal discovery during my previous fieldwork with a Chinese university group - the 1935 Qu Genealogy - clarifies relationships among the former owners of dispersed houses before their redistribution during the 1951 Land Reform. This finding challenges the prevailing view that scattered dwellings in the Ba-Shu region functioned independently, instead revealing a distinctive settlement form: the dispersed clan settlement. Focusing on the Qu case, the study begins by locating and mapping former Qu houses within the contemporary geographical landscape, guided by toponymic clues in the genealogy and cross-referenced with historical maps and interviews. This process enabled the identification of 85 former Qu sites - far exceeding the twelve buildings currently recognized as heritage. These largely overlooked legacies were documented mainly through photography during field investigation. Subsequently, the research applies building-archaeology methods - particularly stratigraphy and chrono-typology - to reconstruct a preliminary chronology of Qu houses’ material remains. This analysis draws on their layouts, materials, construction techniques, structural systems, and decorative forms. The findings date parts of the settlement to the early seventeenth century, representing rare survivals from the Ming dynasty - long assumed to have been destroyed in the wars of the late seventeenth century - and provide new insights into the architectural evolution from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. The research reconstructs the formation and evolution of the Qu settlement by comparing the family’s developmental trajectory with their construction and property acquisition activities. It investigates the origins of this distinctive yet widespread settlement pattern in the Ba-Shu region, attributing it to Qing-era land policies on migrant resettlement. Furthermore, it examines how the clan maintained internal cohesion and organized itself within a dispersed spatial arrangement - contrasting with the clustered clan settlements typical in other regions of China - through an analysis of ancestral rituals, household division practices, and defensive strategies. This study has revealed the historical and documentary value of the architectural and landscape inheritances of the former Qu settlement, yet these are at risk of loss due to both rural transformations since the Land Reform and current preservation practices that emphasize heavy restoration. Building on this census and the newly generated knowledge, the research underscores the necessity of conserving these palimpsests. This recognition forms the premise for defining the objects and methods of conservation, encompassing the subsequent investigation, documentation, analysis and treatment of structural and material decay, as well as the development of strategies for intervention and valorization.
Questa ricerca indaga la storia e l’attuale contesto di un insediamento rurale abitato dal clan della famiglia Qu per oltre due secoli a Luxian, in Cina. Le sue principali fonti sono rappresentate dal paesaggio costruito, palinsesto che comprende l’architettura e le sue stratificazioni, integrati da ricerche bibliografiche, dalla bibliografia e da una varietà di documenti editi e inediti, nonché dalle testimonianze orali raccolte dall’autore. Una scoperta cruciale emersa durante il lavoro sul campo condotto con gruppi di ricerca cinesi - la Genealogia Qu del 1935 - ha permesso di chiarire i legami tra i proprietari delle grandi case separate le une dalle altre a disegnare il paesaggio prevalentemente coltivato a risaie, prima della loro redistribuzione seguita alla Riforma Agraria del 1951. Tale evidenza mette in discussione la visione consolidata secondo cui le abitazioni sparse della regione Ba-Shu funzionassero come entità indipendenti, rivelando invece la forma insediativa peculiare di un villaggio costituito da edifici diffusi appartenuti e abitati da un unico clan familiare. Concentrandosi sul caso della famiglia Qu, lo studio prende avvio dalla localizzazione e mappatura delle loro antiche abitazioni all’interno del paesaggio geografico contemporaneo, un primo censimento guidata da indizi toponomastici presenti nella genealogia del 1935 e verificata attraverso la cartografia storica e la sequenza delle foto aeree e le interviste condotte dall’autore con gli abitanti più anziani. Questo processo ha permesso di identificare 85 siti appartenuti enti alla famiglia Qu, un numero di gran lunga superiore ai dodici edifici ufficialmente riconosciuti come patrimonio storico. Tali testimonianze, in gran parte trascurate, sono state documentate principalmente tramite rilievi fotografici durante le indagini sul campo. Successivamente, mutando di scala, la ricerca ha adottato metodi propri dell’archeologia dell’architettura - con particolare attenzione alla stratigrafia e alla crono-tipologia - per ricostruire una cronologia preliminare delle testimonianze materiali delle case Qu. L’analisi prende in considerazione la loro disposizione planimetrica, i materiali, le tecniche costruttive, i sistemi strutturali e gli elementi decorativi. I risultati datano alcune parti dell’insediamento all’inizio del XVII secolo, che rappresentano rare sopravvivenze del periodo della dinastia Ming - per lungo tempo ritenute distrutte durante le sanguinose guerre della fine del XVII secolo - e offrono nuove prospettive sull’evoluzione architettonica delle case Qu dal primo XVII al XIX secolo. La presente ricerca ricostruisce la formazione e l’evoluzione dell’insediamento Qu mettendo in relazione la traiettoria storica della famiglia con le attività edilizie e di acquisizione fondiaria condotte dai suoi membri. Essa indaga le origini di questo modello insediativo “diffuso” - peculiare della regione Ba-Shu e ivi ampiamente diffuso - che già altri studi hanno ricondotto alle politiche migratorie volute dalla dinastia Qing. Infine, analizza come il clan mantenesse coesione interna e organizzasse - in netto contrasto con gli insediamenti clanici compatti tipici di altre regioni della Cina - attraverso rituali ancestrali, pratiche di suddivisione degli spazi domestici e strategie difensive delle abitazioni pertinenti all’insediamento diffuso. Questa ricerca ha messo in luce la valenza storica e documentaria del’eredità architettonica e paesaggistica dell’insediamento un tempo abitato dal clan Qu, eredità materiale minacciate sia dalle trasformazioni rurali seguite alla Riforma Agraria, sia dalle pratiche di conservazione contemporanee che privilegiano interventi di restauro largamente ricostruttivi. A partire dal censimento e dalle nuove conoscenze prodotte, la ricerca sottolinea la necessità di conservare per quanto possibile questo raro palinsesto. Tale consapevolezza costituisce il presupposto per definire gli oggetti e i metodi della conservazione, come comprendenti l’indagine diretta, la documentazione, l’analisi e dei processi di degrado strutturale e materico finalizzati alla elaborazione di strategie di progetto e di intervento di cura, appropriato riutilizzo, valorizzazione dell’architettura e, nel nostro caso, del suo determinante contesto paesaggistico.
Dispersed clan villages in the Ba-Shu region of China and the Qu community in Luxian: census, architectural features, settlement pattern, preservation issues
Jiang, Pan
2024/2025
Abstract
This research explores the history and the present context of a dispersed clan village in Luxian, China, drawing on landscape and architectural palimpsests as primary material sources, coupled with bibliographic research and diverse documentary sources - both published and unpublished - as well as oral accounts. A pivotal discovery during my previous fieldwork with a Chinese university group - the 1935 Qu Genealogy - clarifies relationships among the former owners of dispersed houses before their redistribution during the 1951 Land Reform. This finding challenges the prevailing view that scattered dwellings in the Ba-Shu region functioned independently, instead revealing a distinctive settlement form: the dispersed clan settlement. Focusing on the Qu case, the study begins by locating and mapping former Qu houses within the contemporary geographical landscape, guided by toponymic clues in the genealogy and cross-referenced with historical maps and interviews. This process enabled the identification of 85 former Qu sites - far exceeding the twelve buildings currently recognized as heritage. These largely overlooked legacies were documented mainly through photography during field investigation. Subsequently, the research applies building-archaeology methods - particularly stratigraphy and chrono-typology - to reconstruct a preliminary chronology of Qu houses’ material remains. This analysis draws on their layouts, materials, construction techniques, structural systems, and decorative forms. The findings date parts of the settlement to the early seventeenth century, representing rare survivals from the Ming dynasty - long assumed to have been destroyed in the wars of the late seventeenth century - and provide new insights into the architectural evolution from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. The research reconstructs the formation and evolution of the Qu settlement by comparing the family’s developmental trajectory with their construction and property acquisition activities. It investigates the origins of this distinctive yet widespread settlement pattern in the Ba-Shu region, attributing it to Qing-era land policies on migrant resettlement. Furthermore, it examines how the clan maintained internal cohesion and organized itself within a dispersed spatial arrangement - contrasting with the clustered clan settlements typical in other regions of China - through an analysis of ancestral rituals, household division practices, and defensive strategies. This study has revealed the historical and documentary value of the architectural and landscape inheritances of the former Qu settlement, yet these are at risk of loss due to both rural transformations since the Land Reform and current preservation practices that emphasize heavy restoration. Building on this census and the newly generated knowledge, the research underscores the necessity of conserving these palimpsests. This recognition forms the premise for defining the objects and methods of conservation, encompassing the subsequent investigation, documentation, analysis and treatment of structural and material decay, as well as the development of strategies for intervention and valorization.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Thesis Summary-Pan Jiang.pdf
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PhD Thesis Manuscript-Pan Jiang.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/244397