Career progression decisions—particularly those involving promotions and salary increases—are among the most impactful and contested HR practices, as they shape employees’ perceptions of fairness, recognition, and growth opportunities. As a result, scholars have shown increasing interest in how employees make sense of these decisions, and how their interpretations influence attitudes such as engagement, organizational commitment, and trust. This dissertation adopts attribution theory as its core conceptual lens to examine how employees construct fairness perceptions in relation to promotion and pay decisions. It offers a cognitive framework to understand how individuals assign causality to such outcomes, and how these attributional interpretations shape their experience of organizational justice, trust, and motivation. Yet despite its longstanding use in organizational behaviour (OB) and Human Resource Management (HRM), attribution theory has often been treated as a set of static or isolated constructs, failing to capture the multidimensional, dynamic, and configurational nature of real-world attributional processes. Moreover, OB and HRM literatures remain largely disconnected in their use of attributional reasoning, limiting opportunities for cross-fertilization and theoretical integration. This thesis addresses these gaps by developing a unitary framework that systematizes attributional objects, types, and dimensions across HRM/OB and by advancing a person-centered, temporally aware view of attributional reasoning. To address these gaps, the thesis proposes an attributional profiles perspective, which conceptualizes attributions as person-centered configurations of multiple attribution types and dimensions—shaped by both individual characteristics and contextual cues—that employees use to make sense of promotion and pay outcomes. This perspective explicitly accounts for attributional ambiguity and allows co-endorsement of internal and external explanations within the same profile. The dissertation is structured as a collection of three papers—one conceptual and two empirical—and follows a multi-method design combining literature review, cross-sectional analysis, and longitudinal investigation. Paper 1 conducts a literature review of attribution theory applications in HRM and OB. Using a semi-systematic protocol and an iterative manual coding framework, it maps the field, identifies key theoretical approaches and gaps, and develops an integrated, unitary framework (objects, types, dimensions) that clarifies construct boundaries and sets an agenda on formation processes, temporal evolution, multilevel/collective attributions, and contextual influences. Paper 2 builds on these insights to investigate how employees interpret promotion and pay outcomes using a person-centered approach. Through Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) on data from a large Italian organization, the study identifies distinct attributional profiles—e.g., ability-based, gender-based, mixed and a Disoriented configuration indicative of attributional ambiguity—and examines their associations with fairness perceptions, work engagement, and affective organizational commitment. Notably, the findings show that attributions to gender discrimination persist even in contexts with no formal gender pay gaps, indicating the salience of identity-related beliefs in shaping how fairness is perceived. Building on these insights, Paper 3 adopts a longitudinal design and implements a two-study, two-wave strategy: an exploratory LPA on one subsample followed by a confirmatory LTA on an independent subsample that embeds antecedents and outcomes. It tracks the stability and transitions of three distributionally similar profiles over time, examining how employees shift between attributional configurations in response to changes in the organizational context. The study also identifies predictors of profile transitions— such as gender, seniority, job weight, pay, and performance—and links these dynamics to changes in fairness perceptions, trust in management, and engagement. Together, these three studies offer a psychologically grounded and person-centered account of how employees cognitively process promotion and pay decisions. Moving beyond variable-centered approaches, the dissertation demonstrates that HR practices do not carry inherent meaning per se; they acquire significance through employees’ subjective attributional reasoning. It further shows that objective indicators (e.g., role-level gender pay gap) align only partially with attributional frames, helping explain divergent fairness perceptions under similar policies. Theoretically, the dissertation contributes to attribution theory by advancing a dynamic, configurational, and context-sensitive view of employee attributions and by providing a unitary framework that reconnects HRM and OB uses of attributional reasoning. It also extends HRM research by demonstrating how fairness perceptions are constructed through attributional reasoning, particularly in relation to high-stakes decisions such as career progression and compensation. Practically, the findings offer actionable insights for HR professionals: by understanding and anticipating attributional reactions, organizations can better design and communicate HR practices to foster perceptions of fairness. Finally, the dissertation outlines future research directions and methodological implications for advancing the study of fairness and attributions in HR contexts.
Le decisioni di avanzamento di carriera — in particolare quelle riguardanti promozioni e aumenti salariali — sono tra le pratiche HR più rilevanti e discusse, poiché modellano le percezioni dei dipendenti rispetto alla giustizia organizzativa e al riconoscimento delle opportunità di crescita. Di conseguenza, gli studiosi hanno mostrato un interesse crescente per il modo in cui i dipendenti danno senso a queste decisioni e per come le loro interpretazioni influenzino atteggiamenti quali l’engagement, il commitment e la fiducia. Questa tesi di dottorato adotta la teoria dell’attribuzione (attribution theory) come lente concettuale principale per esaminare come i dipendenti costruiscono percezioni di giustizia in relazione a decisioni di promozione e retribuzione. Offre un quadro cognitivo per comprendere come gli individui assegnino la causalità a tali esiti e come queste interpretazioni attributive plasmino la loro esperienza di giustizia organizzativa, fiducia e motivazione. Tuttavia, nonostante l’uso consolidato nella letteratura organizational behaviour (OB) e Human Resource Management (HRM), la teoria dell’attribuzione è stata spesso trattata come un insieme di costrutti statici o isolati, senza riuscire a catturare la natura multidimensionale, dinamica e configurazionale dei processi attributivi nel mondo reale. Inoltre, le letterature di OB e HRM restano in larga misura scollegate nell’uso del ragionamento attributivo, limitando le opportunità di contaminazione reciproca e integrazione teorica. Questa tesi affronta tali lacune sviluppando un quadro unitario che sistematizza oggetti, tipologie e dimensioni attributive in ambito HRM/OB e promuovendo una visione person-centered e sensibile alla dimensione temporale del ragionamento attributivo. Per colmare questi vuoti, la tesi propone una prospettiva basata su profili attributivi, che concettualizza le attribuzioni come configurazioni person-centered di molteplici tipi e dimensioni attributive — plasmate sia da caratteristiche individuali sia da segnali contestuali — che i dipendenti utilizzano per dare senso agli esiti organizzativi di promozione e retribuzione. Questa prospettiva tiene esplicitamente conto dell’ambiguità attributiva e permette la coesistenza di spiegazioni interne ed esterne all’interno dello stesso profilo. La tesi è strutturata come una raccolta di tre articoli — uno concettuale e due empirici — e segue un disegno multi-metodo che combina revisione della letteratura, analisi cross-section e indagine longitudinale. Il Paper 1 conduce una review della letteratura sulle applicazioni della teoria dell’attribuzione in HRM e OB. Utilizzando un protocollo semi-sistematico e un framework di codifica manuale iterativo, mappa il campo, identifica approcci teorici chiave e lacune, e sviluppa un quadro integrato e unitario (oggetti, tipologie, dimensioni) che chiarisce i confini dei costrutti e fissa un’agenda su processi di formazione, evoluzione temporale, attribuzioni multilivello/collettive e influenze contestuali. Il Paper 2 si basa su questi risultati per investigare come i dipendenti interpretano esiti di promozione e retribuzione adottando un approccio centrato sulla persona. Attraverso una Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) su dati provenienti da una grande organizzazione italiana, lo studio identifica distinti profili attributivi — ad esempio basati su abilità, basati sul genere, profili misti e una configurazione chiamata "Disoriented" che è indicativa di ambiguità attributiva — ed esamina le loro associazioni con le percezioni di giustizia, con l’employee engagement e con l'affective organizational commitment. Di rilievo, i risultati mostrano che le attribuzioni a discriminazione di genere persistono anche in contesti privi di gap retributivi formali per genere, indicando l'importanza delle credenze legate all’identità nel plasmare la percezione di giustizia. Sulla base di questi risultati, il Paper 3 adotta un disegno longitudinale e implementa una strategia in due studi e due wave: una LPA esplorativa su un sotto-campione seguita da una Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) confirmatoria su un sotto-campione indipendente che incorpora antecedenti ed esiti. Esamina la stabilità e le transizioni di tre profili con distribuzioni simili nel tempo, analizzando come i dipendenti si spostino tra configurazioni attributive in risposta a cambiamenti del contesto organizzativo. Lo studio individua inoltre predittori delle transizioni di profilo — come genere, anzianità, peso della posizione, salario e performance — e collega queste dinamiche a variazioni nelle percezioni di giustizia, nella fiducia nel management e nell’engagement. Nel complesso, questi tre studi offrono un resoconto psicologicamente fondato e centrato sulla persona di come i dipendenti elaborino cognitivamente decisioni relative a promozioni e retribuzione. Superando approcci centrati sulle variabili, la tesi dimostra che le pratiche HR non possiedono un significato intrinseco: esse acquisiscono rilevanza attraverso il ragionamento attributivo soggettivo dei dipendenti. Mostra inoltre che indicatori oggettivi (es. gender pay gap a livello di ruolo) coincidono solo parzialmente con frame attributivi, contribuendo a spiegare percezioni di giustizia divergenti sotto politiche simili. A livello teorico, la tesi contribuisce alla teoria dell’attribuzione avanzando una visione dinamica, configurazionale e sensibile al contesto delle attribuzioni dei dipendenti e fornendo un quadro unitario che riconnette gli usi del ragionamento attributivo in HRM e OB. Estende inoltre la ricerca in HRM dimostrando come le percezioni di giustizia siano costruite attraverso il ragionamento attributivo, in particolare rispetto a decisioni ad alta posta in gioco come l’avanzamento di carriera e la retribuzione. A livello pratico, i risultati offrono spunti operativi per i professionisti HR: comprendendo e anticipando le reazioni attributive, le organizzazioni possono progettare e comunicare meglio le pratiche HR per favorire percezioni di equità. Infine, la tesi delinea direzioni per ricerche future e implicazioni metodologiche per avanzare lo studio della giustizia e delle attribuzioni nei contesti HR.
Explaining promotions and pay decisions through attribution theory: a person-centered perspective on employees' fairness perceptions
CANDIA, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Career progression decisions—particularly those involving promotions and salary increases—are among the most impactful and contested HR practices, as they shape employees’ perceptions of fairness, recognition, and growth opportunities. As a result, scholars have shown increasing interest in how employees make sense of these decisions, and how their interpretations influence attitudes such as engagement, organizational commitment, and trust. This dissertation adopts attribution theory as its core conceptual lens to examine how employees construct fairness perceptions in relation to promotion and pay decisions. It offers a cognitive framework to understand how individuals assign causality to such outcomes, and how these attributional interpretations shape their experience of organizational justice, trust, and motivation. Yet despite its longstanding use in organizational behaviour (OB) and Human Resource Management (HRM), attribution theory has often been treated as a set of static or isolated constructs, failing to capture the multidimensional, dynamic, and configurational nature of real-world attributional processes. Moreover, OB and HRM literatures remain largely disconnected in their use of attributional reasoning, limiting opportunities for cross-fertilization and theoretical integration. This thesis addresses these gaps by developing a unitary framework that systematizes attributional objects, types, and dimensions across HRM/OB and by advancing a person-centered, temporally aware view of attributional reasoning. To address these gaps, the thesis proposes an attributional profiles perspective, which conceptualizes attributions as person-centered configurations of multiple attribution types and dimensions—shaped by both individual characteristics and contextual cues—that employees use to make sense of promotion and pay outcomes. This perspective explicitly accounts for attributional ambiguity and allows co-endorsement of internal and external explanations within the same profile. The dissertation is structured as a collection of three papers—one conceptual and two empirical—and follows a multi-method design combining literature review, cross-sectional analysis, and longitudinal investigation. Paper 1 conducts a literature review of attribution theory applications in HRM and OB. Using a semi-systematic protocol and an iterative manual coding framework, it maps the field, identifies key theoretical approaches and gaps, and develops an integrated, unitary framework (objects, types, dimensions) that clarifies construct boundaries and sets an agenda on formation processes, temporal evolution, multilevel/collective attributions, and contextual influences. Paper 2 builds on these insights to investigate how employees interpret promotion and pay outcomes using a person-centered approach. Through Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) on data from a large Italian organization, the study identifies distinct attributional profiles—e.g., ability-based, gender-based, mixed and a Disoriented configuration indicative of attributional ambiguity—and examines their associations with fairness perceptions, work engagement, and affective organizational commitment. Notably, the findings show that attributions to gender discrimination persist even in contexts with no formal gender pay gaps, indicating the salience of identity-related beliefs in shaping how fairness is perceived. Building on these insights, Paper 3 adopts a longitudinal design and implements a two-study, two-wave strategy: an exploratory LPA on one subsample followed by a confirmatory LTA on an independent subsample that embeds antecedents and outcomes. It tracks the stability and transitions of three distributionally similar profiles over time, examining how employees shift between attributional configurations in response to changes in the organizational context. The study also identifies predictors of profile transitions— such as gender, seniority, job weight, pay, and performance—and links these dynamics to changes in fairness perceptions, trust in management, and engagement. Together, these three studies offer a psychologically grounded and person-centered account of how employees cognitively process promotion and pay decisions. Moving beyond variable-centered approaches, the dissertation demonstrates that HR practices do not carry inherent meaning per se; they acquire significance through employees’ subjective attributional reasoning. It further shows that objective indicators (e.g., role-level gender pay gap) align only partially with attributional frames, helping explain divergent fairness perceptions under similar policies. Theoretically, the dissertation contributes to attribution theory by advancing a dynamic, configurational, and context-sensitive view of employee attributions and by providing a unitary framework that reconnects HRM and OB uses of attributional reasoning. It also extends HRM research by demonstrating how fairness perceptions are constructed through attributional reasoning, particularly in relation to high-stakes decisions such as career progression and compensation. Practically, the findings offer actionable insights for HR professionals: by understanding and anticipating attributional reactions, organizations can better design and communicate HR practices to foster perceptions of fairness. Finally, the dissertation outlines future research directions and methodological implications for advancing the study of fairness and attributions in HR contexts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Explaining Promotions and Pay Decisions through Attribution Theory: A Person-Centered Perspective on Employees’ Fairness Perceptions
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/244419