Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has increasingly adopted vision-based techniques for assessing the condition of civil infrastructure, with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) standing out as a reference non-contact method for full-field displacement and strain measurements. However, traditional DIC applications are often limited by the need for static, optimally positioned cameras, a requirement that is challenging to meet for large or inaccessible structures. The use of mobile platforms, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), offers a flexible solution but introduces a "dynamic" measurement scenario. This dynamism creates significant challenges, primarily the need to distinguish the structure's true deformation from the spurious motion of the acquisition system and to mitigate image degradation effects like motion blur, which can compromise measurement accuracy. This PhD thesis addresses these challenges by developing and validating novel image-based techniques to enable accurate field measurements in dynamic conditions. The research activity focuses on three main contributions. First, a single-camera 2D DIC approach is proposed, which compensates for perspective distortions caused by camera movement by using planar homographies estimated on an region of the target assumed undeformed. Second, an alternative approach is presented that integrates a camera with a depth sensor, enabling motion compensation without the need for a stable reference area on the structure. Finally, the thesis addresses the general issue of motion blur by introducing a novel DIC algorithm that estimates and mitigates blur effects at the subset level, iteratively refining displacement and blur parameters. The results of the experimental and numerical validation campaigns confirm the feasibility of the proposed approaches for dynamic measurements with mobile systems. The perspective distortion compensation techniques proved particularly effective for local measurements, such as monitoring crack evolution, achieving accuracies on the order of a few hundredths of a millimetre. While these methods allow for a global assessment of the displacement field, their accuracy for full-field analysis was found to be lower than that of traditional stationary DIC systems. The developed motion blur correction algorithm consistently demonstrated its ability to reduce measurement uncertainty in both 2D and 3D applications, even under conditions of spatially variable blur. Collectively, this work contributes to enhancing the robustness and applicability of camera-based metrology for in-field dynamic monitoring, paving the way for broader and more reliable SHM applications.
Il Monitoraggio Strutturale (SHM ) ha progressivamente adottato tecniche basate sulla visione per la valutazione delle condizioni delle infrastrutture civili, e la Digital Image Correlation (DIC) si distingue come metodo di riferimento non a contatto per la misura di campi di spostamento e deformazione. Tuttavia, le applicazioni tradizionali della DIC sono spesso limitate dalla necessità di utilizzare telecamere statiche e posizionate in modo ottimale, un requisito difficile da soddisfare per strutture di grandi dimensioni o di difficile accesso. L'uso di piattaforme mobili, come i droni, offre una soluzione flessibile per il monitoraggio strutturale ma introduce uno scenario di misura "dinamico". Questo scenario crea sfide significative, in primo luogo la necessità di distinguere la deformazione reale della struttura dal moto spurio del sistema di acquisizione e di mitigare gli effetti di degrado dell'immagine come il motion blur, che possono compromettere l'accuratezza della misura. Questa tesi di dottorato affronta tali sfide sviluppando e validando nuove tecniche di misura basate su immagini per consentire misure di campo accurate in condizioni dinamiche. L'attività di ricerca si concentra su tre contributi principali. In primo luogo, viene proposto un approccio DIC 2D a telecamera singola che compensa le distorsioni prospettiche causate dal movimento della telecamera utilizzando omografie stimate su una regione del target assunta come indeformata. In secondo luogo, viene presentato un approccio alternativo che integra una telecamera con un sensore di profondità, consentendo la compensazione del movimento senza la necessità di un'area di riferimento indeformata sulla struttura. Infine, la tesi affronta il problema generale del motion blur introducendo un nuovo algoritmo DIC che stima e mitiga gli effetti del blur a livello di subset, affinando iterativamente i parametri di spostamento e di blur. I risultati delle campagne di validazione sperimentale e numerica confermano la fattibilità degli approcci proposti per le misure dinamiche con sistemi mobili. Le tecniche di compensazione della distorsione prospettica si sono dimostrate particolarmente efficaci per le misure locali, come il monitoraggio dell'evoluzione delle fessure, raggiungendo accuratezze nell'ordine di alcuni centesimi di millimetro. Sebbene questi metodi consentano una valutazione globale del campo di spostamento, la loro accuratezza per l'analisi a tutto campo è risultata inferiore a quella dei sistemi DIC tradizionali stazionari. L'algoritmo di mitigazione dell’effetto del motion blur sviluppato ha dimostrato la sua capacità di ridurre l'incertezza di misura in applicazioni sia 2D che 3D, anche in condizioni di blur non uniformemente distribuito a livello spaziale. Complessivamente, questo lavoro contribuisce a migliorare la robustezza e l'applicabilità delle misure basate sull’utilizzo di sistemi di visione per il monitoraggio dinamico, aprendo la strada ad applicazioni di SHM più ampie e affidabili.
Displacement measurement for structural health monitoring using digital image correlation and moving platforms
Paganoni, Simone
2025/2026
Abstract
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has increasingly adopted vision-based techniques for assessing the condition of civil infrastructure, with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) standing out as a reference non-contact method for full-field displacement and strain measurements. However, traditional DIC applications are often limited by the need for static, optimally positioned cameras, a requirement that is challenging to meet for large or inaccessible structures. The use of mobile platforms, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), offers a flexible solution but introduces a "dynamic" measurement scenario. This dynamism creates significant challenges, primarily the need to distinguish the structure's true deformation from the spurious motion of the acquisition system and to mitigate image degradation effects like motion blur, which can compromise measurement accuracy. This PhD thesis addresses these challenges by developing and validating novel image-based techniques to enable accurate field measurements in dynamic conditions. The research activity focuses on three main contributions. First, a single-camera 2D DIC approach is proposed, which compensates for perspective distortions caused by camera movement by using planar homographies estimated on an region of the target assumed undeformed. Second, an alternative approach is presented that integrates a camera with a depth sensor, enabling motion compensation without the need for a stable reference area on the structure. Finally, the thesis addresses the general issue of motion blur by introducing a novel DIC algorithm that estimates and mitigates blur effects at the subset level, iteratively refining displacement and blur parameters. The results of the experimental and numerical validation campaigns confirm the feasibility of the proposed approaches for dynamic measurements with mobile systems. The perspective distortion compensation techniques proved particularly effective for local measurements, such as monitoring crack evolution, achieving accuracies on the order of a few hundredths of a millimetre. While these methods allow for a global assessment of the displacement field, their accuracy for full-field analysis was found to be lower than that of traditional stationary DIC systems. The developed motion blur correction algorithm consistently demonstrated its ability to reduce measurement uncertainty in both 2D and 3D applications, even under conditions of spatially variable blur. Collectively, this work contributes to enhancing the robustness and applicability of camera-based metrology for in-field dynamic monitoring, paving the way for broader and more reliable SHM applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/244537