This research investigates the complexities faced in adopting Agile Working (AW) practices, which emphasize flexibility and rapid adaptation, particularly within the context of bureaucratic, hierarchical structures of public organizations. Although AW has gained traction in the private sector, its adoption in the public sector, especially pre-pandemic, was limited. AW is framed as a form of flexible working arrangement that requires investment in ICT tools, organizational restructuring, and a cultural shift in human resource management (HRM) to be adopted. The thesis focuses on how public organizations adopt and adapt AW, and the overarching aim is to explore the dynamics of this adoption process within highly institutionalized environments, considering the friction between innovative practices and traditional bureaucratic norms. To address this aim, two research objectives are established: (1) to analyze the immediate organizational responses and decisions around AW during the COVID-19 pandemic situation, especially regarding the organizational choices made by organizations to adopt this practice, and (2) to examine the long-term adaptation of AW, studying how these practices evolve and integrate into the established routines of public organizations. To fulfil these objectives, the research is structured around two case studies. The first study involves a comparative analysis of 17 Italian public universities, examining organizational choices made to implement AW under and after emergency conditions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with upper management, HR managers, and AW coordinators, alongside focus groups with administrative staff and document analysis. Findings from this study reveal significant investments in technology, regulatory measures like the right to disconnect, and various approaches to HRM to align with AW principles. However, results show that many institutions reverted to traditional practices post-pandemic, with significant variability in AW adoption among our sample of organizations, influenced by institutional specifics and internal resistance. The second study uses a longitudinal approach, focusing on a local government in Italy as a single case. This study tracks the evolution of AW within a highly bureaucratic organization, examining how AW practices are reinterpreted over time. Through thematic analysis of interviews with employees and analysis of internal and external documents, this study reveals persistent tensions between AW’s theoretical principles and the organization’s practical application. Key challenges include mandatory on-call slots that limit time flexibility, spatial restrictions on working outside of the office, and resistance to fully digitized operations, highlighting the barriers to integrating AW into bureaucratic structures. The research aims to contribute to the public management literature by illustrating how institutional logics and bureaucratic traditions influence the adoption and adaptation of AW practices. The combined results of the case studies show that while the pandemic accelerated the initial adoption of AW, the long-term integration of such practices requires a gradual and adaptive approach that takes into account both technical and cultural organizational changes. This study offers valuable insights into the ongoing debate on innovation and change management in the public sector, providing a deeper understanding of how bureaucratic organizations can navigate the complexities of adopting flexible and digital working models amidst institutional and cultural constraints.
Questa ricerca indaga le complessità legate all'adozione di pratiche di Lavoro Agile (AW), che enfatizzano flessibilità e rapidità di adattamento, in particolare nel contesto delle strutture burocratiche e gerarchiche delle organizzazioni pubbliche. Sebbene l'AW abbia guadagnato terreno nel settore privato, la sua adozione nel settore pubblico, soprattutto prima della pandemia, è stata limitata. L'AW è inquadrato come una forma di lavoro flessibile che richiede investimenti in strumenti ICT, ristrutturazione organizzativa e un cambiamento culturale nella gestione delle risorse umane (HRM) per essere adottata. La tesi si concentra su come le organizzazioni pubbliche adottano e adattano l'AW, e l'obiettivo generale è esplorare le dinamiche di questo processo di adozione in ambienti altamente istituzionalizzati, considerando l'attrito tra pratiche innovative e norme burocratiche tradizionali. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, la ricerca si pone due obiettivi: (1) analizzare le risposte organizzative immediate e le decisioni relative all'AW durante la pandemia di COVID-19, in particolare per quanto riguarda le scelte organizzative adottate dalle organizzazioni per adottare questa pratica, e (2) esaminare l'adattamento a lungo termine dell'AW, studiando come queste pratiche si evolvono e si integrano nelle routine consolidate delle organizzazioni pubbliche. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi, la ricerca è strutturata attorno a due casi di studio. Il primo studio prevede un'analisi comparativa di 17 università pubbliche italiane, esaminando le scelte organizzative adottate per implementare l'AW in condizioni di emergenza e dopo. I dati sono stati raccolti attraverso interviste semi-strutturate con dirigenti, responsabili delle risorse umane e coordinatori dell'AW, oltre a focus group con personale amministrativo e analisi documentale. I risultati di questo studio rivelano investimenti significativi in tecnologia, misure normative come il diritto alla disconnessione e diversi approcci alla gestione delle risorse umane per allinearsi ai principi dell'AW. Tuttavia, i risultati mostrano che molte istituzioni sono tornate alle pratiche tradizionali dopo la pandemia, con una significativa variabilità nell'adozione dell'AW nel nostro campione di organizzazioni, influenzata da specificità istituzionali e resistenze interne. Il secondo studio utilizza un approccio longitudinale, concentrandosi su un singolo caso di un ente locale italiano. Questo studio traccia l'evoluzione della gestione del lavoro pubblico all'interno di un'organizzazione altamente burocratica, esaminando come le pratiche di gestione del lavoro pubblico vengano reinterpretate nel tempo. Attraverso l'analisi tematica di interviste con i dipendenti e l'analisi di documenti interni ed esterni, questo studio rivela tensioni persistenti tra i principi teorici della gestione del lavoro pubblico e l'applicazione pratica dell'organizzazione. Tra le principali sfide figurano gli slot obbligatori di reperibilità che limitano la flessibilità oraria, le restrizioni spaziali per lavorare fuori ufficio e la resistenza a operazioni completamente digitalizzate, evidenziando gli ostacoli all'integrazione della gestione del lavoro pubblico nelle strutture burocratiche. La ricerca mira a contribuire alla letteratura sulla gestione pubblica illustrando come le logiche istituzionali e le tradizioni burocratiche influenzino l'adozione e l'adattamento delle pratiche di gestione del lavoro pubblico. I risultati combinati dei casi di studio mostrano che, sebbene la pandemia abbia accelerato l'adozione iniziale della gestione del lavoro pubblico, l'integrazione a lungo termine di tali pratiche richiede un approccio graduale e adattivo che tenga conto dei cambiamenti organizzativi sia tecnici che culturali. Questo studio offre spunti preziosi sul dibattito in corso sull'innovazione e sulla gestione del cambiamento nel settore pubblico, fornendo una comprensione più approfondita di come le organizzazioni burocratiche possano gestire le complessità dell'adozione di modelli di lavoro flessibili e digitali in un contesto di vincoli istituzionali e culturali.
Agile or just a label? The adoption of agile working in public organizations
Sinatra, Alessandro Francesco
2024/2025
Abstract
This research investigates the complexities faced in adopting Agile Working (AW) practices, which emphasize flexibility and rapid adaptation, particularly within the context of bureaucratic, hierarchical structures of public organizations. Although AW has gained traction in the private sector, its adoption in the public sector, especially pre-pandemic, was limited. AW is framed as a form of flexible working arrangement that requires investment in ICT tools, organizational restructuring, and a cultural shift in human resource management (HRM) to be adopted. The thesis focuses on how public organizations adopt and adapt AW, and the overarching aim is to explore the dynamics of this adoption process within highly institutionalized environments, considering the friction between innovative practices and traditional bureaucratic norms. To address this aim, two research objectives are established: (1) to analyze the immediate organizational responses and decisions around AW during the COVID-19 pandemic situation, especially regarding the organizational choices made by organizations to adopt this practice, and (2) to examine the long-term adaptation of AW, studying how these practices evolve and integrate into the established routines of public organizations. To fulfil these objectives, the research is structured around two case studies. The first study involves a comparative analysis of 17 Italian public universities, examining organizational choices made to implement AW under and after emergency conditions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with upper management, HR managers, and AW coordinators, alongside focus groups with administrative staff and document analysis. Findings from this study reveal significant investments in technology, regulatory measures like the right to disconnect, and various approaches to HRM to align with AW principles. However, results show that many institutions reverted to traditional practices post-pandemic, with significant variability in AW adoption among our sample of organizations, influenced by institutional specifics and internal resistance. The second study uses a longitudinal approach, focusing on a local government in Italy as a single case. This study tracks the evolution of AW within a highly bureaucratic organization, examining how AW practices are reinterpreted over time. Through thematic analysis of interviews with employees and analysis of internal and external documents, this study reveals persistent tensions between AW’s theoretical principles and the organization’s practical application. Key challenges include mandatory on-call slots that limit time flexibility, spatial restrictions on working outside of the office, and resistance to fully digitized operations, highlighting the barriers to integrating AW into bureaucratic structures. The research aims to contribute to the public management literature by illustrating how institutional logics and bureaucratic traditions influence the adoption and adaptation of AW practices. The combined results of the case studies show that while the pandemic accelerated the initial adoption of AW, the long-term integration of such practices requires a gradual and adaptive approach that takes into account both technical and cultural organizational changes. This study offers valuable insights into the ongoing debate on innovation and change management in the public sector, providing a deeper understanding of how bureaucratic organizations can navigate the complexities of adopting flexible and digital working models amidst institutional and cultural constraints.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/244698