In 1986, Sigwart and Peul, made safer and more effective the PTCA developing the first coronary surgery by stent, a metal cylindrical mesh structure that is, introduced into the arterial lumen, and expanded, until its diameter is equal to the vessel diameter [8]. The primary function of a stent is to provide mechanical support during the opening of the vessel and prevent an early restenosis phenomena. However, it is required that the role of stenting (biodegradable metal stent) is temporary, mainly beacause the artery remodelling is a consequence of the prolonged efforts produced by the device on the vessel walls. Once restored the lumen and found a new physiological balance, the presence of the stent in the body becomes superfluous; thus eliminating the stens, many problems could be solved, such as in-stent restenosis and anti-thrombotic treatments [12]. The PCL film was made by solvent casting. The process is done by PCL beads (Mn 80 000 g/mol) 7% w/v and dioxane as a solvent. The metal specimens (50x5mm, thickness 0,05 mm ) used during the tests of coatings are made of magnesium alloy AZ 31 (3% aluminum, 1% zinc and 0.2% manganese), obtained by laser cutting of a plate. Before the coating process, the specimens undergo an etching electropulishing process. The study on PCL aims to investigate the degradation mechanism. The reopening of the occluded blood vessel is obtained by expanding the stent so, compared with a literature search on the states of stent deformation [22], it was decided to apply two levels of strain to the specimens, of 15 and 30%, through an experimental set up that allows to impose the same level of deformation in all samples on the device. To evaluate a possible degradation of the PCL samples at different time points, they were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To get information about molecular weight (Mn and Mw) of the specimens, analysis of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were performend. The mechanical characterization of the PCL specimens is performed using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). During these tests the material behavior is analyzed in two situations: strain test or stress relaxation/recovery test. The main problem of magnesium alloys is the excessive speed at which they degradate: this is a problem because, in this way, the time of degradation of the device is not comparable with the healing time of the coronal vessel. To overcome this problem it has been evaluated the possibility of coating the metal with a polymer such as PCL, to lengthen the time of degradation of the metal, performing a preliminary study on rectangular specimens of magnesium alloy AZ31. The PCL coating is performed by dip coating.
Le malattie cardiovascolari, ictus cerebrale ed infarto, sono patologie che colpiscono il cuore e/o i vasi sanguigni e il danno che provocano fa sì che, in determinati distretti corporei, non giunga una quantità di sangue adeguata alle esigenze fisiologiche [2]. Nel corso degli anni sono stati sperimentati diversi approcci terapeutici per risolvere questo tipo di patologia, ad esempio,bypass coronarico o PTCA. Nel 1986 Sigwart e Peul resero più efficace la tecnica dell’angioplastica realizzando il primo intervento alle coronarie mediante stent, ovvero una struttura metallica cilindrica a maglie che viene introdotta nel lume dell’arteria e fatta espandere, a livello dell’ostruzione, fino a che il suo diametro non sia pari a quello originario del vaso [8]. La funzione primaria di uno stent è quella di fornire supporto durante l’apertura meccanica del vaso soggetto a stenosi e di prevenire fenomeni di ristenosi a breve termine. Tuttavia è sempre più richiesto che il ruolo di stenting sia temporaneo, principalmente perché si pensa che il fenomeno di rimodellamento dell’arteria sia una conseguenza degli sforzi prolungati prodotti dal dispositivo sulle pareti del vaso. Una volta ristabilito il lume fisiologico la presenza dello stent nell’organismo diventa superflua. I film in policaprolactone (PCL) sono stati realizzati per solvent casting utilizzando grani di PCL (Mw 80 000 g/mol) 7 % p/v e diossano come solvente I provini metallici (50x5 mm, spessore 0,05 mm) utilizzati durante le prove di coating sono realizzati in lega di magnesio AZ 31 (3% alluminio, 1% zinco e 0,2% manganese), ottenuti mediante taglio laser da una lamina. I provini metallici sono stati sottoposti ad un trattamento di elettropulitura mediante attacco chimico. Prove di degradazione A fronte di una ricerca bibliografica sugli stati di deformazione degli stent [22], si è deciso di applicare due livelli di deformazione ai provini in PCL, pari a 15 e 30% mediante un set up sperimentale che permette di imporre lo stesso livello di deformazione a tutti i provini presenti sul dispositivo. Per valutare una possibile degradazione dei provini in PCL a diversi time point, essi sono stati esaminati tramite microscopio elettronico a scansione (SEM). Per avere informazioni sul peso molecolare (Mn e Mw) dei provini si sono eseguite analisi di cromatografia a permeazione di gel (GPC). Infine la caratterizzazione meccanica dei provini in PCL viene eseguita utilizzando un analizzatore dinamico meccanico (DMA). Durante queste prove viene analizzato il comportamento del materiale in due situazioni: sottoposto a trazione o in condizioni di stress relaxation/recovery. Il problema principale delle leghe in magnesio è l’eccessiva velocità con cui esse degradano: per gli stent questo è un problema in quanto i tempi di degradazione del dispositivo non sono comparabili con i tempi di guarigione del vaso coronale. Per ovviare questo tipo di problema si vuole valutare la possibilità di rivestire il metallo con un materiale polimerico quale il PCL, per allungare i tempi di degradazione del metallo eseguendo uno studio preliminare di fattibilità impiegando provini rettangolari in lega di magnesio AZ31.
Rivestimento in PCL su lega di Mg per la realizzazione di stent biodegradabili
BRACCHI, MATTEO
2010/2011
Abstract
In 1986, Sigwart and Peul, made safer and more effective the PTCA developing the first coronary surgery by stent, a metal cylindrical mesh structure that is, introduced into the arterial lumen, and expanded, until its diameter is equal to the vessel diameter [8]. The primary function of a stent is to provide mechanical support during the opening of the vessel and prevent an early restenosis phenomena. However, it is required that the role of stenting (biodegradable metal stent) is temporary, mainly beacause the artery remodelling is a consequence of the prolonged efforts produced by the device on the vessel walls. Once restored the lumen and found a new physiological balance, the presence of the stent in the body becomes superfluous; thus eliminating the stens, many problems could be solved, such as in-stent restenosis and anti-thrombotic treatments [12]. The PCL film was made by solvent casting. The process is done by PCL beads (Mn 80 000 g/mol) 7% w/v and dioxane as a solvent. The metal specimens (50x5mm, thickness 0,05 mm ) used during the tests of coatings are made of magnesium alloy AZ 31 (3% aluminum, 1% zinc and 0.2% manganese), obtained by laser cutting of a plate. Before the coating process, the specimens undergo an etching electropulishing process. The study on PCL aims to investigate the degradation mechanism. The reopening of the occluded blood vessel is obtained by expanding the stent so, compared with a literature search on the states of stent deformation [22], it was decided to apply two levels of strain to the specimens, of 15 and 30%, through an experimental set up that allows to impose the same level of deformation in all samples on the device. To evaluate a possible degradation of the PCL samples at different time points, they were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To get information about molecular weight (Mn and Mw) of the specimens, analysis of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were performend. The mechanical characterization of the PCL specimens is performed using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). During these tests the material behavior is analyzed in two situations: strain test or stress relaxation/recovery test. The main problem of magnesium alloys is the excessive speed at which they degradate: this is a problem because, in this way, the time of degradation of the device is not comparable with the healing time of the coronal vessel. To overcome this problem it has been evaluated the possibility of coating the metal with a polymer such as PCL, to lengthen the time of degradation of the metal, performing a preliminary study on rectangular specimens of magnesium alloy AZ31. The PCL coating is performed by dip coating.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/24542