Considering a 3-echelon healthcare supply chain with one supplier, one distributor and N hospitals, the study examines the impact of consignment stock agreements’ costs for medical devices distributors, including the shrinkage cost component, often neglected in existing consignment literature, and assuming it to be sustained by the vendor. Shrinkage costs consider expirations, losses and damages, taking into account the consignment requirements’ allocation within hospitals, the expected demand, transshipments between accounts and the on-hand inventory’s residual shelf-life composition through simulation. Once the impact is assessed, the optimal order quantity is derived, and costs are minimized. Costs are quantified thanks to the development of a mathematical model grounded on existing inventory management literature. The model is developed and tested, following an engaged research approach, in collaboration with a medical devices’ distributor operating in the UAE region. The numerical study makes use of 5 SKU families belonging to a single item category (coronary stents) and clustered according to their expected demand. An application of the model for decision-making is also showcased, with the evaluation of the optimal unit cost discount to be asked to the other end of the supply chain in case of minimum purchase volumes higher than the demand. Numerical results show how the expected demand, inventory age composition, transshipments and the allocation of consignment requirements impact the shrinkage and the total costs, along with the optimal ordering policy. Moreover, the impact of purchase volumes higher than the expected demand is also quantified, with the related optimal discount being evaluated.
Prendendo in considerazione una supply chain a 3 livelli comprensiva di un fornitore, un distributore ed N ospedali, lo studio esamina l’impatto dei costi relativi agli accordi di consignment stock intrapresi tra ospedali e distributori, concentrandosi sulla prospettiva del vendor. La componente di costo di “shrinkage”, spesso tralasciata in letteratura, è quantificata e considerata a carico del distributore. I costi di shrinkage sono relativi a scadenze, perdite e danni agli item, e prendono in considerazione la composizione degli inventari in termini di vita residua, l’allocazione dei “consignment requirements” presso gli ospedali, la domanda attesa e la possibilità di operare “transshipments”. Quantificati i costi, la quantità di ordine ottima viene derivata ed i costi minimizzati. I costi sono quantificati con lo sviluppo di un modello matematico basato sulla letteratura esistente. Il modello è sviluppato e testato con un approccio di ricerca pratico, in collaborazione con un distributore di apparecchiature medicali con sede negli Emirati Arabi Uniti. Lo studio numerico considera 5 famiglie di SKU appartenenti ad una singola tipologia di item (stent coronari), categorizzate sulla base della domanda attesa. Viene ulteriormente mostrata un’applicazione pratica del modello in ambito decisionale, valutando lo sconto unitario ottimale da richiedere al fornitore in caso di volumi d’acquisto minimi superiori alla domanda. I risultati mostrano come la domanda, la composizione degli inventari, i transshipments e l’allocazione dei consignment requirements impattino i costi totali e di shrinkage, oltre che le quantità d’ordine. Viene ulteriormente quantificato l’impatto di eccessivi volumi d’acquisto ed il relativo sconto ottimale da contrattare.
Optimal ordering policy for medical devices distributors operating under forward consignment agreements
Iannelli, Gianluca;MORANDI, ELISABETTA
2024/2025
Abstract
Considering a 3-echelon healthcare supply chain with one supplier, one distributor and N hospitals, the study examines the impact of consignment stock agreements’ costs for medical devices distributors, including the shrinkage cost component, often neglected in existing consignment literature, and assuming it to be sustained by the vendor. Shrinkage costs consider expirations, losses and damages, taking into account the consignment requirements’ allocation within hospitals, the expected demand, transshipments between accounts and the on-hand inventory’s residual shelf-life composition through simulation. Once the impact is assessed, the optimal order quantity is derived, and costs are minimized. Costs are quantified thanks to the development of a mathematical model grounded on existing inventory management literature. The model is developed and tested, following an engaged research approach, in collaboration with a medical devices’ distributor operating in the UAE region. The numerical study makes use of 5 SKU families belonging to a single item category (coronary stents) and clustered according to their expected demand. An application of the model for decision-making is also showcased, with the evaluation of the optimal unit cost discount to be asked to the other end of the supply chain in case of minimum purchase volumes higher than the demand. Numerical results show how the expected demand, inventory age composition, transshipments and the allocation of consignment requirements impact the shrinkage and the total costs, along with the optimal ordering policy. Moreover, the impact of purchase volumes higher than the expected demand is also quantified, with the related optimal discount being evaluated.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Iannelli_Morandi_Thesis.pdf
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Descrizione: Thesis text
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2025_12_Iannelli_Morandi_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/245437