Masonry arch bridges constitute a large proportion of the architectural heritage in both Western and Eastern worlds. However, the long-term service in the modern infrastructural system makes them vulnerable to natural disasters and extreme loads. An accurate collapse analysis is important for further preventative conservation of these peculiar constructions. Involving the fill materials raises the complexity of the failure analysis of these historical bridges, which halts the application of the traditional continuous modeling strategy, since the severe field discontinuities in the instability of backfill must be taken into account. Limit analysis is one of the standard tools for the collapse analysis of masonry systems and soil material, which can naturally include the interfacial discontinuities. The collapse results can be obtained quickly in a single step, requiring fewer material parameters. This thesis investigated computational modeling for masonry arch bridges under this framework, exploring suitable consideration of backfill or spandrel elements that are less discussed in the relevant literature. The pure-arch collapse is first investigated to understand the necessity of involving brick deformability or interfacial non-associativity, with an additional study on how to consider the innovative strengthening effect. Then, we have proposed rigid particle and deformable element modeling for the backfill of the bridge, whose reliability is demonstrated through 2D and 3D benchmark analyses. Assuming constant strain for the elements could bring in interior locking when using polygon-shaped bulks. Two solutions to resolve this problem were then followed: a) employing piecewise constant-strain polygons or b) applying an automatic remeshing procedure. Their effectiveness has been proven through the same benchmark studies. Finally, as a comprehensive application of the proposed modeling approaches, we have presented the 3D collapse of one straight and one skewed bridge, with both backfill and spandrel fully considered, through which the mechanism of the fill-ring and fill-spandrel interactions, as well as the transversal effect, in a real bridge collapse can be understood in detail. Our results have indicated that using the associated or the non-associated flow rule for the mortar interfaces only makes a distinction in the collapse dominated by sliding failure. However, such a discrepancy could be amplified in the case of innovative reinforcement. Comparably, brick deformability has a more significant influence on the collapse of the bridge. Using the proposed axial-deformable brick element with the quadrilateral-linearized constitutive model results in a more accurate simulation. In the case study of Prestwood Bridge, the predicted load is 40% conservative than the classic rigid ring modeling, also compatible with the experimental results. Employing homogeneous deformable rectangles could give rise to a comparable load prediction, whereas the corresponding mechanism is quite unreasonable. Both the rigid particle approach and the deformable element modeling present their particular edges in simulating the behavior of backfill in the bridge collapse. Using deformable element modeling is more robust, presenting less sensitivity to the mesh size. The promise of using polygon elements is exhibited when incorporating the automatic remeshing techniques, which also efficiently release the interior locking induced by the constant-strain assumption. The converged load prediction can be comparable to the classic triangulation, requiring only 1/5 - 1/2 the time cost. Refining the polygon discretizations is also more likely to capture complex slip-line patterns in the collapse mechanism. The particle approach for backfill presents a great edge in the computational budget, whose time consumption is only 1/4 - 1/6 compared to using deformable elements. The predicted results gain quite good precision in both 2D and 3D analyses. However, we should remark on its high sensitivity to the particle packaging arrangement. Interlocking among the particles could appear in some cases, resulting in an overestimated collapse load. Backfill plays an important role in the collapse of masonry arch bridges, providing the containment stress that can suppress the deformation of the ring and further enhance the collapse capacity of the bridge. Such enhancement will be amplified when backfill resistance improves. A more flexible ring modeling typically moderates the fill-ring interaction, resulting in a lower capacity of the bridge. The necessity of performing a 3D analysis for a straight arch bridge is due to the presence of the fill-spandrel interaction, which cannot be simplified or reduced to a 2D analysis. In the 3D analysis, the compressed backfill elements will present an out-of-plane dilation, interacting with the lateral suppression provided by the spandrel, and a stronger spandrel support will enhance the capacity of the bridge when collapse takes place. The load capacity of the skewed arch bridge is usually lower than that of the straight arch bridge, and the capacity degradation will be accelerated when the skewed angle increases due to the amplification of the transversal effect. These findings provide deep insights into the interactive mechanism of different elements of the masonry arch bridge when it collapses, which could further guide its effective conservation and performance improvement.
I ponti ad arco in muratura costituiscono una parte fondamentale del patrimonio architettonico mondiale. Tuttavia, il loro impiego nelle infrastrutture moderne è questionabile, considerata la loro vulnerabilità agli eventi estremi e la loro non comprovata resistenza ai carichi previsti dalle normative moderne. Un’analisi al collasso può quindi risultare interessante nell’ottica di una conservazione preventiva. Come ben noto, la presenza di cospicui volumi di materiale di riempimento aumenta la capacità portante, ma al tempo stesso rende molto complesse l’analisi. Si tratta infatti di un materiale puramente attritivo con comportamento a rottura assimilabile a quello delle terre, in stato di tensione bi e tri-assiale. In questo contesto, va detto che l’analisi limite rappresenta un metodo consolidato per studiare al collasso sistemi costruttivi in muratura e terreni, in grado di includere naturalmente discontinutà che ben rappresentano la propagazione delle fessure, il tutto attraverso un numero ridotto di parametri meccanici. Questa tesi tratta della modellazione ad elementi finiti in analisi limite di ponti ad arco in muratura, tenendo adeguatamente in considerazione il ruolo del riempimento e dei timpani, aspetti meno discussi nella letteratura esistente di settore. In prima battuta, si studia il comportamento a collasso del solo arco, analizzando in particolare il ruolo assunto dalla deformabilità dei conci di pietra e la non-associatività delle interfacce, accompagnato da uno studio aggiuntivo sull’effetto dell’introduzione di rinforzi estradossali realizzati con materiali innovativi. Successivamente sono proposti modelli del riempimento basati su particelle rigide e su elementi deformabili poligonali, validati tramite analisi di riferimento 2D e 3D. Per superare il problema di “locking” interno dovuto all’ipotesi di deformazione costante nei poligoni, sono adottate due strategie: poligoni a deformazione costante a tratti e remeshing automatico, entrambe risultate efficaci. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano che l’impiego di una legge di scorrimento associata o non associata per le interfacce di malta produce differenze significative soltanto nei collassi dominati dallo scorrimento. Tuttavia, tali discrepanze tendono ad amplificarsi in presenza di rinforzi innovativi. La deformabilità dei mattoni ha un’influenza maggiore sul collasso dei ponti interagenti con il riempimento. L’utilizzo di un nuovo elemento per il mattone a deformabilità assiale costante, congiuntamente a un modello costitutivo quadrilaterale-linearizzato, porta a una simulazione più accurata. Nel caso di studio del Ponte Prestwood, il carico previsto risulta essere del 40% più conservativo rispetto alla classica modellazione ad arco con elementi infinitamente resistenti e interfacce rigido-plastiche, risultando inoltre più in accordo con i dati sperimentali. L’impiego di rettangoli deformabili omogenei conduce a una previsione del carico ultimo più accurata, pur risultando meno realistico dal punto di vista meccanico. Sia l’approccio a particelle rigide sia la modellazione con elementi deformabili offrono vantaggi specifici nella simulazione del comportamento del riempimento a collasso. La modellazione a elementi deformabili si dimostra più robusta, con una sensibilità ridotta rispetto alla dimensione della mesh. Il vantaggio dell’uso di elementi poligonali si manifesta quando si integrano tecniche di remeshing automatico, che consentono anche di eliminare in modo efficiente il vincolo interno indotto dall’assunzione di deformazione costante. La previsione del carico (a convergenza della mesh) è paragonabile a quella fornita da una modellazione a triangoli e interfacce, richiedendo solo da 1/5 a 1/2 del tempo di calcolo. Il perfezionamento della discretizzazione poligonale consente inoltre di riprodurre più facilmente schemi complessi di linee di scorrimento nel meccanismo di collasso. L’approccio a particelle per il riempimento presenta un grande vantaggio in termini di onere computazionale, con un tempo di calcolo pari solo a 1/4 – 1/6 rispetto all’uso di elementi deformabili. I risultati previsti mostrano una buona precisione sia nelle analisi 2D sia in quelle 3D. Tuttavia, è importante sottolineare l’elevata sensibilità dei modelli rispetto alla disposizione delle particelle: in alcuni casi può verificarsi un incastro (o interlocking) tra le particelle, il che determina una sovrastima del carico di collasso. Come detto, il materiale di riempimento svolge un ruolo determinante nel collasso dei ponti ad arco in muratura, poiché attiva tensioni di contenimento che limitano la deformazione dell’arco e incrementano la capacità portante complessiva della struttura. Tale effetto di irrobustimento risulta amplificato al crescere della resistenza del riempimento. Una modellazione più flessibile dell’arco tende invece a ridurre l’interazione arco-riempimento, comportando una diminuzione della capacità portante globale. La necessità di effettuare un’analisi 3D per un ponte ad arco rettilineo deriva dalla presenza di una interazione laterale non trascurabile tra riempimento e timpani, che non può essere semplificata o riprodotta adeguatamente attraverso una analisi 2D. Nell’analisi 3D, gli elementi di riempimento compressi presentano una certa dilatazione trasversale, interagendo quindi inevitabilmente con i timpani di contenimento. Pertanto timpani più robusti tendono ad aumentare la capacità portante globale. Per quanto concerne il calcolo della capacità portante di ponti cosiddetti “skew” (cioè obliqui), essa è generalmente inferiore a quella dei ponti rettilinei, e il calo della capacità diventa marcato all’aumentare dell’angolo di obliquità, a causa dell’amplificazione dell’effetto trasversale. Tali aspetti offrono lo spunto per approfondimenti significativi sul meccanismo di interazione dei diversi elementi del ponte, potendo così ispirare ulteriormente la ricerca sui temi della conservazione e della stima delle prestazioni attese.
Computational modeling for limit analysis of masonry arch bridges interacting with backfill
HUA, YIWEI
2025/2026
Abstract
Masonry arch bridges constitute a large proportion of the architectural heritage in both Western and Eastern worlds. However, the long-term service in the modern infrastructural system makes them vulnerable to natural disasters and extreme loads. An accurate collapse analysis is important for further preventative conservation of these peculiar constructions. Involving the fill materials raises the complexity of the failure analysis of these historical bridges, which halts the application of the traditional continuous modeling strategy, since the severe field discontinuities in the instability of backfill must be taken into account. Limit analysis is one of the standard tools for the collapse analysis of masonry systems and soil material, which can naturally include the interfacial discontinuities. The collapse results can be obtained quickly in a single step, requiring fewer material parameters. This thesis investigated computational modeling for masonry arch bridges under this framework, exploring suitable consideration of backfill or spandrel elements that are less discussed in the relevant literature. The pure-arch collapse is first investigated to understand the necessity of involving brick deformability or interfacial non-associativity, with an additional study on how to consider the innovative strengthening effect. Then, we have proposed rigid particle and deformable element modeling for the backfill of the bridge, whose reliability is demonstrated through 2D and 3D benchmark analyses. Assuming constant strain for the elements could bring in interior locking when using polygon-shaped bulks. Two solutions to resolve this problem were then followed: a) employing piecewise constant-strain polygons or b) applying an automatic remeshing procedure. Their effectiveness has been proven through the same benchmark studies. Finally, as a comprehensive application of the proposed modeling approaches, we have presented the 3D collapse of one straight and one skewed bridge, with both backfill and spandrel fully considered, through which the mechanism of the fill-ring and fill-spandrel interactions, as well as the transversal effect, in a real bridge collapse can be understood in detail. Our results have indicated that using the associated or the non-associated flow rule for the mortar interfaces only makes a distinction in the collapse dominated by sliding failure. However, such a discrepancy could be amplified in the case of innovative reinforcement. Comparably, brick deformability has a more significant influence on the collapse of the bridge. Using the proposed axial-deformable brick element with the quadrilateral-linearized constitutive model results in a more accurate simulation. In the case study of Prestwood Bridge, the predicted load is 40% conservative than the classic rigid ring modeling, also compatible with the experimental results. Employing homogeneous deformable rectangles could give rise to a comparable load prediction, whereas the corresponding mechanism is quite unreasonable. Both the rigid particle approach and the deformable element modeling present their particular edges in simulating the behavior of backfill in the bridge collapse. Using deformable element modeling is more robust, presenting less sensitivity to the mesh size. The promise of using polygon elements is exhibited when incorporating the automatic remeshing techniques, which also efficiently release the interior locking induced by the constant-strain assumption. The converged load prediction can be comparable to the classic triangulation, requiring only 1/5 - 1/2 the time cost. Refining the polygon discretizations is also more likely to capture complex slip-line patterns in the collapse mechanism. The particle approach for backfill presents a great edge in the computational budget, whose time consumption is only 1/4 - 1/6 compared to using deformable elements. The predicted results gain quite good precision in both 2D and 3D analyses. However, we should remark on its high sensitivity to the particle packaging arrangement. Interlocking among the particles could appear in some cases, resulting in an overestimated collapse load. Backfill plays an important role in the collapse of masonry arch bridges, providing the containment stress that can suppress the deformation of the ring and further enhance the collapse capacity of the bridge. Such enhancement will be amplified when backfill resistance improves. A more flexible ring modeling typically moderates the fill-ring interaction, resulting in a lower capacity of the bridge. The necessity of performing a 3D analysis for a straight arch bridge is due to the presence of the fill-spandrel interaction, which cannot be simplified or reduced to a 2D analysis. In the 3D analysis, the compressed backfill elements will present an out-of-plane dilation, interacting with the lateral suppression provided by the spandrel, and a stronger spandrel support will enhance the capacity of the bridge when collapse takes place. The load capacity of the skewed arch bridge is usually lower than that of the straight arch bridge, and the capacity degradation will be accelerated when the skewed angle increases due to the amplification of the transversal effect. These findings provide deep insights into the interactive mechanism of different elements of the masonry arch bridge when it collapses, which could further guide its effective conservation and performance improvement.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Thesis_YiweiHUA_final.pdf
solo utenti autorizzati a partire dal 06/11/2026
Dimensione
83.35 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
83.35 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/245798