The increasing accumulation of plastic waste and the limitations of mechanical recycling have stimulated the search for alternative, sustainable recovery routes. Among them, pyrolysis represents a promising chemical recycling process capable of converting end-of-life plastics into valuable products. However, the heterogeneity of post-consumer waste mixtures, such as the stream rejected from sorting plants, referred to as Plasmix, poses significant challenges to the development and modelling of new processes suitable for their recycle. This thesis focuses on the development of a kinetic model for the non-catalytic pyrolysis of mixed plastics, starting only from literature studies. After an extensive review of existing modelling strategies, lumped kinetic models were identified as the most suitable framework to have a low computational-cost description, and a possible approach to improve them in the optic of results combination has been proposed. The developed methodology combines kinetic data on single polymers of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS and PVC through the introduction of regression-based mixing rules, kinetic rate modifiers and temperature-dependent expressions that numerically translates to an ordinary differential equations (ODE) system that captures the complex interactions among different polymers under pyrolytic conditions. The resulting mixed plastics model allows the prediction of product yields (gases, oil, waxes and residue) as a function of temperature, time and feedstock composition. Despite the promising results and the coherence with Plasmix pyrolysis, the model remains limited by the lack of homogeneous experimental data and literature studies focused on plastic mixtures with variable composition. Ultimately, this work contributes to the understanding of mixed plastic pyrolysis kinetics, proposing a modelling strategy that can be followed with proper experimental setups, and supports the development of advanced chemical recycling technologies, essential for a circular and sustainable plastics economy.
Il crescente accumulo di rifiuti plastici e le limitazioni del riciclo meccanico hanno stimolato la ricerca di processi alternativi e sostenibili per il loro recupero. Tra le possibili soluzioni, la pirolisi rappresenta un promettente processo in grado di convertire le plastiche di scarto in prodotti di valore. Tuttavia, l’eterogeneità delle miscele di rifiuti post-consumo, come il flusso di scarto proveniente dagli impianti di selezione, noto come Plasmix, comporta notevoli difficoltà nello sviluppo e modellazione di nuovi processi per il loro riciclo. In questa tesi, un modello cinetico per la pirolisi non catalitica di plastiche miste basato unicamente su studi di letteratura è stato sviluppato. A seguito di un’approfondita analisi delle strategie di modellazione esistenti, i modelli cinetici lumped sono stati identificati come i più idonei per una descrizione a basso costo computazionale, e un possibile approccio per il loro miglioramento nell’ottica di combinazione dei risultati è stato proposto. La metodologia sviluppata combina dati cinetici relativi ai singoli polimeri HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS e PVC mediante l’introduzione di regole di miscelazione con regressione e modificatori dei coefficienti cinetici in funzione della temperatura, rappresentati numericamente in un sistema di equazioni differenziali ordinarie (ODE) capace di catturare le complesse interazioni tra i diversi polimeri in condizioni di pirolisi. Il modello risultante consente di prevedere le rese dei prodotti (gas, oil, waxes e residuo) in funzione di temperatura, tempo e composizione del feedstock. Nonostante i risultati promettenti e la coerenza con i dati di pirolisi del Plasmix, il modello rimane limitato dalla carenza di dati sperimentali omogenei e di studi di letteratura dedicati a miscele plastiche a composizione variabile. In conclusione, questo lavoro contribuisce alla comprensione della cinetica di pirolisi delle plastiche miste, proponendo una strategia di modellazione replicabile con l’ausilio di adeguati setup sperimentali, e supporta lo sviluppo di tecnologie avanzate di riciclo chimico, fondamentali per la transizione verso un’economia della plastica circolare e sostenibile.
Modelling of innovative processes for recycling mixed plastic wastes: pyrolysis reactor kinetics
Campioli, Fabio
2024/2025
Abstract
The increasing accumulation of plastic waste and the limitations of mechanical recycling have stimulated the search for alternative, sustainable recovery routes. Among them, pyrolysis represents a promising chemical recycling process capable of converting end-of-life plastics into valuable products. However, the heterogeneity of post-consumer waste mixtures, such as the stream rejected from sorting plants, referred to as Plasmix, poses significant challenges to the development and modelling of new processes suitable for their recycle. This thesis focuses on the development of a kinetic model for the non-catalytic pyrolysis of mixed plastics, starting only from literature studies. After an extensive review of existing modelling strategies, lumped kinetic models were identified as the most suitable framework to have a low computational-cost description, and a possible approach to improve them in the optic of results combination has been proposed. The developed methodology combines kinetic data on single polymers of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS and PVC through the introduction of regression-based mixing rules, kinetic rate modifiers and temperature-dependent expressions that numerically translates to an ordinary differential equations (ODE) system that captures the complex interactions among different polymers under pyrolytic conditions. The resulting mixed plastics model allows the prediction of product yields (gases, oil, waxes and residue) as a function of temperature, time and feedstock composition. Despite the promising results and the coherence with Plasmix pyrolysis, the model remains limited by the lack of homogeneous experimental data and literature studies focused on plastic mixtures with variable composition. Ultimately, this work contributes to the understanding of mixed plastic pyrolysis kinetics, proposing a modelling strategy that can be followed with proper experimental setups, and supports the development of advanced chemical recycling technologies, essential for a circular and sustainable plastics economy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Campioli_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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2025_12_Campioli_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/245978