Fluidized beds are widely used in process industries thanks to their high mixing efficiency and excellent heat and mass transfer. However, their hydrodynamics are often dominated by chaotic bubbling, which reduces controllability and complicates scale-up. A promising approach to mitigate this limitation is pulsed fluidization, where the inlet gas flow is periodically modulated to induce self-organization. This thesis experimentally investigates the conditions under which pulsed excitation can generate reproducible patterns in gas–solid fluidized beds, combining optical and X-ray diagnostics with quantitative image analysis. In shallow beds of polystyrene particles, observed with optical imaging, ordered structures appeared only within a narrow range of pulsed flow rates and frequencies. Both very low and very high frequencies suppressed the formation of patterns, while increasing bed height progressively weakened them, indicating the transition to deep-bed bubbling behavior. In deeper beds, analyzed with X-ray radiography, direct visualization of the internal gas–solid distribution showed that pattern persistence was favored by medium-low pulsation frequencies and relatively low overall gas flows. When the flow increased, the system lost coherence and returned to disordered bubbling. Automated image similarity indices were also tested as a complement to visual inspection. The Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) proved unreliable, suggesting similarity even in disordered cases. The Gradient Magnitude Similarity Deviation (GMSD) was more sensitive to changes in bubble contours and showed better agreement with visual classification, although it did not fully distinguish between pattern and non-pattern regimes. In summary, the results demonstrate that pulsed fluidization can suppress chaotic bubbling and promote reproducible structures, but only within narrow operating windows. The combined use of optical and radiographic diagnostics with quantitative image analysis provides new insight into pattern stability and supports the development of structured fluidized bed technologies.
I letti fluidizzati trovano ampio impiego nell’industria di processo grazie alla loro elevata efficienza di miscelazione e alle eccellenti proprietà di trasferimento di calore e massa. Tuttavia, la loro idrodinamica è spesso dominata da un bubbling caotico, che riduce la controllabilità e complica lo scale-up. Un approccio promettente per mitigare questo limite è la fluidizzazione pulsata, in cui la portata del gas in ingresso viene modulata periodicamente per indurre auto-organizzazione coerente. Questa tesi indaga sperimentalmente le condizioni in cui la pulsazione può generare pattern riproducibili nei letti fluidizzati, combinando diagnostiche ottiche e radiografiche con analisi quantitativa delle immagini. Nei letti superficiali di particelle di polistirene, osservati tramite riprese ottiche, le strutture ordinate sono comparse solo in un ristretto intervallo di portate e frequenze pulsate: valori troppo bassi o troppo alti ne hanno soppresso la formazione, mentre l’aumento dell’altezza del letto li ha progressivamente indeboliti, indicando la transizione verso il bubbling tipico dei letti profondi. Nei letti più alti, analizzati con radiografia a raggi X, la distribuzione gas–solido interna ha mostrato che la persistenza dei pattern era favorita da frequenze medio-basse e da portate complessive ridotte, mentre flussi più elevati riportavano il sistema a bubbling disordinato. Sono stati inoltre testati indici automatici di similarità delle immagini come complemento all’ispezione visiva. L’SSIM (Structural Similarity Index) si è rivelato poco affidabile, suggerendo spesso similarità anche in casi disordinati. Il GMSD (Gradient Magnitude Similarity Deviation) è risultato più sensibile alle variazioni nei contorni delle bolle e più coerente con la classificazione visiva, pur senza distinguere nettamente tutte le condizioni con e senza formazione di pattern. In sintesi, i risultati dimostrano che la fluidizzazione pulsata può sopprimere il bubbling caotico e favorire strutture riproducibili, ma solo entro ristretti intervalli operativi. L’uso combinato di diagnostiche ottiche e radiografiche con analisi quantitativa fornisce nuove prospettive sulla stabilità dei pattern e supporta lo sviluppo di letti fluidizzati strutturati.
Experimental investigation of pattern formation in pulsed gas-solid three-dimensional fluidized beds via X-ray and optical imaging
CANTIELLO, ANDREA
2024/2025
Abstract
Fluidized beds are widely used in process industries thanks to their high mixing efficiency and excellent heat and mass transfer. However, their hydrodynamics are often dominated by chaotic bubbling, which reduces controllability and complicates scale-up. A promising approach to mitigate this limitation is pulsed fluidization, where the inlet gas flow is periodically modulated to induce self-organization. This thesis experimentally investigates the conditions under which pulsed excitation can generate reproducible patterns in gas–solid fluidized beds, combining optical and X-ray diagnostics with quantitative image analysis. In shallow beds of polystyrene particles, observed with optical imaging, ordered structures appeared only within a narrow range of pulsed flow rates and frequencies. Both very low and very high frequencies suppressed the formation of patterns, while increasing bed height progressively weakened them, indicating the transition to deep-bed bubbling behavior. In deeper beds, analyzed with X-ray radiography, direct visualization of the internal gas–solid distribution showed that pattern persistence was favored by medium-low pulsation frequencies and relatively low overall gas flows. When the flow increased, the system lost coherence and returned to disordered bubbling. Automated image similarity indices were also tested as a complement to visual inspection. The Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) proved unreliable, suggesting similarity even in disordered cases. The Gradient Magnitude Similarity Deviation (GMSD) was more sensitive to changes in bubble contours and showed better agreement with visual classification, although it did not fully distinguish between pattern and non-pattern regimes. In summary, the results demonstrate that pulsed fluidization can suppress chaotic bubbling and promote reproducible structures, but only within narrow operating windows. The combined use of optical and radiographic diagnostics with quantitative image analysis provides new insight into pattern stability and supports the development of structured fluidized bed technologies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2025_12_Cantiello_Executive_Summary.pdf
non accessibile
Dimensione
3.9 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.9 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2025_12_Cantiello_Tesi.pdf
non accessibile
Dimensione
27.85 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
27.85 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246041