Over the past few decades, the demand for architectural transparency has considerably increased the need to use glass as structural and non-structural elements (e.g., beams, panels, plates, etc.). Moreover, when canopy and façade panels are employed, the supports are generally realized using small point-fixing steel hinges, which enhance the transparency of the elements bringing non-negligible structural problems. When these elements are employed, different glass plies are coupled together with a polymeric interlayer. The glass plies are subjected to a thermal process to improve their reliability and safety obtaining two different types of glass: heat-strengthened and tempered laminated glass plates. Although all glass types behave similarly in the elastic phase, the post-breakage response of laminates made of sheet glass is totally different due to the different fragmentation characteristics that characterize the glass types. This study investigates the post-breakage behavior and residual load-bearing capacity of point-fixing laminated glass (LG) plates subjected to uniform pressure, with a focus on understanding their static and dynamic responses under varying damage conditions. While laminated glass is widely used in architectural and structural applications for its transparency and post-fracture safety, most existing research emphasizes simply-supported systems and small-scale specimens, limiting their relevance to real-world, full-scale glazing systems. To address this gap, an experimental and numerical study was conducted with static and dynamic tests on LG plates of different sizes, with four- and six-point fixing conditions. Three damage situations were considered: intact plate, fracture of the lower plate (Configuration I), and fracture of the upper plate (Configuration II). Static tests assessed load-displacement behavior, while dynamic tests measured natural frequencies to evaluate stiffness variations. A numerical model was also developed using ABAQUS software, using composite layups and connecting elements to simulate the layered structure and point fixings. The fractured slabs were modeled using an equivalent elastic modulus approach, allowing for an initial assessment of the residual stiffness. The numerical simulations accurately reproduced static deformations and experimental dynamic frequencies, validating the model's reliability. Findings reveal that bottom ply fracture significantly reduces global stiffness, while top ply damage has minimal effect. The tension stiffening effect, attributed to the restrained fragments of the fractured glass ply maintained by rigid interlayers (e.g., SentryGlas), was particularly evident in heat-strengthened glass specimens. Size effect was also shown to play a critical role, with smaller plates exhibiting more pronounced stiffness losses post-fracture than larger specimens under similar damage scenarios. Moreover, the influence of interlayer stiffness on the deformation of LG plates diminishes with increasing plate size, as global structural behavior becomes progressively governed by geometric and boundary conditions rather than shear coupling effects. Analytical evaluation using both the Classical Linear Elastic Plate Theory and the Enhanced Effective Thickness (EET) approach further validated the experimental findings. The comparison revealed that the EET method provides more accurate predictions for medium-sized plates, whereas the classical theory is more appropriate for larger configurations, underscoring the size-dependent reliability of analytical models for point-fixing LG plates. This study contributes to the development of more reliable design strategies for point-fixed laminated glass systems, supporting their safe and efficient application in modern engineering practice.
Negli ultimi decenni, la crescente richiesta di trasparenza ha determinato un uso sempre più diffuso del vetro sia come elemento strutturale che non strutturale (ad esempio travi, pannelli, lastre, ecc.). In particolare, per incrementare la trasparenza di elementi come pensiline e facciate vetrate, spesso vengono adottati sistemi di fissaggio realizzati mediante cerniere puntuali in acciaio di piccole dimensioni causando tuttavia criticità non trascurabili dal punto di vista strutturale. Gli elementi vetrati sono realizzati , più lastre di vetro in genere trattate termicamente per migliorarne sicurezza e affidabilità, ottenendo vetro temprato o indurito termicamente, accoppiate tramite un intercalare polimerico in condizioni di alta temperatura e pressione. Sebbene tutti i tipi di vetro presentano un comportamento iniziale lineare elastico, la risposta post-rottura di elementi stratificati può differire significativamente a causa della differente frammentazione delle lastre di vetro utilizzate. Il presente studio analizza il comportamento post-rottura e la capacità portante residua di lastre in vetro stratificato (LG) con fissaggio puntuale, soggette a pressione uniforme, con l’obiettivo di caratterizzare le risposte statiche e dinamiche in differenti condizioni di danneggiamento. Sebbene il vetro stratificato sia ampiamente utilizzato per le sue proprietà di trasparenza e sicurezza post-frattura, la maggior parte delle ricerche esistenti si è concentrata su sistemi semplicemente appoggiati o su provini di piccole dimensioni, limitando la rilevanza dei risultati su configurazioni reali di grande scala. Per colmare tale lacuna, è stato condotto uno studio sperimentale e numerico con prove statiche e dinamiche su lastre LG di differenti dimensioni, con condizioni di vincolo a quattro e sei punti di fissaggio. Sono stati considerati tre stati di danneggiamento: lastra integra, frattura della lastra inferiore (Configurazione I) e frattura della lastra superiore (Configurazione II). Le prove statiche hanno valutato la relazione carico-spostamento, mentre le prove dinamiche hanno misurato le frequenze naturali per valutare le variazioni di rigidezza. È stato inoltre sviluppato un modello numerico con il software ABAQUS, utilizzando layup compositi ed elementi di connessione per simulare la struttura stratificata e i fissaggi puntuali. Le lastre fratturate sono state modellate tramite un approccio di modulo elastico equivalente, consentendo una prima valutazione della rigidezza residua. Le simulazioni numeriche hanno riprodotto accuratamente deformazioni statiche e frequenze dinamiche sperimentali, validando l’affidabilità del modello. I risultati mostrano che la frattura della lastra inferiore riduce significativamente la rigidezza globale, mentre il danneggiamento della lastra superiore ha un impatto limitato. L’effetto di “tension stiffening”, dovuto ai frammenti trattenuti dall’intercalare rigido (ad esempio SentryGlas), risulta particolarmente evidente nei campioni in vetro indurito termicamente. È emerso inoltre un significativo effetto scala: campioni di dimensioni minori mostrano perdite di rigidezza più marcate rispetto alle lastre più grandi nelle medesime condizioni. Inoltre, con l’aumento della dimensione della lastra, l’influenza della rigidezza dell’intercalare sulla deformazione complessiva tende a diminuire, poiché il comportamento globale è governato principalmente da condizioni geometriche e di vincolo. La valutazione analitica, condotta tramite la Teoria Classica delle Piastre Elastiche e l’approccio dello Spessore Effettivo (EET), ha ulteriormente confermato i risultati sperimentali. L’EET fornisce previsioni più accurate per lastre di medie dimensioni, mentre la teoria classica risulta più appropriata per lastre di grandi dimensioni, evidenziando una dipendenza dimensionale dell’affidabilità dei modelli analitici per sistemi LG con fissaggio puntuale. Questo studio contribuisce allo sviluppo di strategie progettuali più affidabili per sistemi in vetro stratificato con fissaggio puntuale, supportando un impiego sicuro ed efficiente di tali soluzioni nell’ingegneria strutturale contemporanea.
Mechanical response of point-fixing laminated glass plates under uniform pressure
Zhou, Sicheng
2025/2026
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the demand for architectural transparency has considerably increased the need to use glass as structural and non-structural elements (e.g., beams, panels, plates, etc.). Moreover, when canopy and façade panels are employed, the supports are generally realized using small point-fixing steel hinges, which enhance the transparency of the elements bringing non-negligible structural problems. When these elements are employed, different glass plies are coupled together with a polymeric interlayer. The glass plies are subjected to a thermal process to improve their reliability and safety obtaining two different types of glass: heat-strengthened and tempered laminated glass plates. Although all glass types behave similarly in the elastic phase, the post-breakage response of laminates made of sheet glass is totally different due to the different fragmentation characteristics that characterize the glass types. This study investigates the post-breakage behavior and residual load-bearing capacity of point-fixing laminated glass (LG) plates subjected to uniform pressure, with a focus on understanding their static and dynamic responses under varying damage conditions. While laminated glass is widely used in architectural and structural applications for its transparency and post-fracture safety, most existing research emphasizes simply-supported systems and small-scale specimens, limiting their relevance to real-world, full-scale glazing systems. To address this gap, an experimental and numerical study was conducted with static and dynamic tests on LG plates of different sizes, with four- and six-point fixing conditions. Three damage situations were considered: intact plate, fracture of the lower plate (Configuration I), and fracture of the upper plate (Configuration II). Static tests assessed load-displacement behavior, while dynamic tests measured natural frequencies to evaluate stiffness variations. A numerical model was also developed using ABAQUS software, using composite layups and connecting elements to simulate the layered structure and point fixings. The fractured slabs were modeled using an equivalent elastic modulus approach, allowing for an initial assessment of the residual stiffness. The numerical simulations accurately reproduced static deformations and experimental dynamic frequencies, validating the model's reliability. Findings reveal that bottom ply fracture significantly reduces global stiffness, while top ply damage has minimal effect. The tension stiffening effect, attributed to the restrained fragments of the fractured glass ply maintained by rigid interlayers (e.g., SentryGlas), was particularly evident in heat-strengthened glass specimens. Size effect was also shown to play a critical role, with smaller plates exhibiting more pronounced stiffness losses post-fracture than larger specimens under similar damage scenarios. Moreover, the influence of interlayer stiffness on the deformation of LG plates diminishes with increasing plate size, as global structural behavior becomes progressively governed by geometric and boundary conditions rather than shear coupling effects. Analytical evaluation using both the Classical Linear Elastic Plate Theory and the Enhanced Effective Thickness (EET) approach further validated the experimental findings. The comparison revealed that the EET method provides more accurate predictions for medium-sized plates, whereas the classical theory is more appropriate for larger configurations, underscoring the size-dependent reliability of analytical models for point-fixing LG plates. This study contributes to the development of more reliable design strategies for point-fixed laminated glass systems, supporting their safe and efficient application in modern engineering practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246139