In the field of microrobotics, flight system miniaturization has made the development of lightweight and efficient high-voltage drivers challenging. While platforms such as RoboBee have demonstrated the potential of piezoelectric actuation, they also exposed the limitations of traditional converters, which remain bulky and inefficient. This has created the need for compact, self-powered architectures capable of generating high voltages without large passive components. This thesis focuses on the study and characterization of a multi-level micro-actuator driving architecture. System performance is evaluated using the quality factor Qx metric, commonly employed when the load requires only reactive power.The system was designed to meet strict compactness constraints and to operate in self-powered mode, relying on floating solid-state microbatteries reconfigurable between series and parallel to obtain tens of volts from low-voltage sources. Starting from the analysis of the reference architecture, the various sources of losses within the actuator are identified and quantified. To this end, both transistor-level simulations of the architecture and bench-level characterizations of the microbatteries were performed. Finally, comparison with prototype measurements confirmed that losses were dominated by the self-discharge of the TDK CeraCharge microbatteries (96%), while topological and electronic losses were negligible. The direct measurement of the Qx factor would have required a condition not feasible during the measurement phase, thus an alternative figure of merit was proposed, which can be evaluated from experimentally observable quantities. This index, based on the evolution of the maximum output voltage between successive cycles, allowed the comparison between simulations and the measurement setup to be estimated. Finally, the possibility of using LETI microbatteries as a solution to increase the Qx by a factor of 5, thereby improving the overall quality of the system, was discussed.
Nel campo della microrobotica, la miniaturizzazione dei sistemi di volo ha reso complessa la realizzazione di driver ad alta tensione che siano leggeri ed efficienti. Sebbene piattaforme come RoboBee abbiano dimostrato il potenziale dell’attuazione piezoelettrica, esse hanno anche evidenziato i limiti dei convertitori tradizionali, che rimangono ingombranti e poco efficienti. Da ciò è derivata la necessità di sviluppare architetture compatte e autoalimentate, capaci di generare alte tensioni senza componenti passivi di grandi dimensioni. La presente tesi si concentra sullo studio e sulla caratterizzazione di un’architettura di pilotaggio multi-livello per micro-attuatori. Le prestazioni del sistema sono valutate mediante il fattore di qualità Qx, comunemente impiegato quando il carico richiede potenza reattiva. Il sistema è stato progettato per rispettare rigorosi vincoli di compattezza e per operare in modalità self powered, utilizzando microbatterie a stato solido flottanti riconfigurabili tra serie e parallelo, così da ottenere alcune decine di volt da sorgenti a bassa tensione. Dall’analisi dell’architettura di riferimento sono state identificate e quantificate le principali sorgenti di perdita tramite simulazioni a livello transistor e caratterizzazioni delle microbatterie. Il confronto con i dati sperimentali del prototipo ha confermato che le perdite erano dominate dall’autoscarica delle TDK CeraCharge (96%), mentre quelle topologiche ed elettroniche risultavano trascurabili. Poiché la misura diretta del fattore Qx non era realizzabile sperimentalmente, è stata introdotta una figura di merito alternativa, basata sull’evoluzione della tensione massima in uscita tra cicli successivi, utile per confrontare simulazioni e misure. Infine, è stata valutata l’adozione di microbatterie LETI come soluzione per incrementare il Qx di un fattore pari a 5, migliorando la qualità complessiva del sistema.
Study and characterization of the quality factor of a quasi-adiabatic microactuator driving system powered by flying solid-state microbatteries
Albanese, Ginevra Maria
2024/2025
Abstract
In the field of microrobotics, flight system miniaturization has made the development of lightweight and efficient high-voltage drivers challenging. While platforms such as RoboBee have demonstrated the potential of piezoelectric actuation, they also exposed the limitations of traditional converters, which remain bulky and inefficient. This has created the need for compact, self-powered architectures capable of generating high voltages without large passive components. This thesis focuses on the study and characterization of a multi-level micro-actuator driving architecture. System performance is evaluated using the quality factor Qx metric, commonly employed when the load requires only reactive power.The system was designed to meet strict compactness constraints and to operate in self-powered mode, relying on floating solid-state microbatteries reconfigurable between series and parallel to obtain tens of volts from low-voltage sources. Starting from the analysis of the reference architecture, the various sources of losses within the actuator are identified and quantified. To this end, both transistor-level simulations of the architecture and bench-level characterizations of the microbatteries were performed. Finally, comparison with prototype measurements confirmed that losses were dominated by the self-discharge of the TDK CeraCharge microbatteries (96%), while topological and electronic losses were negligible. The direct measurement of the Qx factor would have required a condition not feasible during the measurement phase, thus an alternative figure of merit was proposed, which can be evaluated from experimentally observable quantities. This index, based on the evolution of the maximum output voltage between successive cycles, allowed the comparison between simulations and the measurement setup to be estimated. Finally, the possibility of using LETI microbatteries as a solution to increase the Qx by a factor of 5, thereby improving the overall quality of the system, was discussed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Albanese_Executive_Summary_02.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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2025_12_Albanese_Thesis_01.pdf
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Descrizione: Thesis
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246159