Nowadays, aeronautical structures are predominantly made of composite materials with carbon or glass reinforcement fibers. Thanks to the high technological level reached with these materials, complex structural components are manufactured leading to complicated stress states. Therefore, different damage modes can arise during the component's life such as delaminations, matrix cracking and fiber breakages. Consequently, knowledge of the fracture mechanisms of the adopted material is of paramount importance. This thesis aims to characterize a glass-reinforced composite through mode I, mode II and in-plane experiments. Numerical models have been developed to replicate the behavior of the specimens with the help of cohesive elements, Regressive Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm and bi-phasic technique. The first covered topic is the testing campaign of unidirectional mode I and II specimens, followed by in-depth numerical analyses that reproduce force vs displacement curves, R-curves and crack advancement. After having introduced the bi-phasic technique, Finite Elements Analyses of in-plane tests are presented, showing how it is possible to capture the real failure mode. The final section of this thesis focuses on the design and testing of cross-ply mode I and II specimens, a subject rarely investigated in literature because of the difficulties in capturing crack jumps and matrix cracking at 0°/90° interface. The proposed numerical method offers a promising framework for simulating such phenomena through the bi-phasic approach, trying to address a highly debated topic in current scientific research.
Oggigiorno le strutture aeronautiche sono realizzate prevalentemente con materiali compositi con fibre di rinforzo in carbonio o vetro. Grazie all’elevato livello tecnologico raggiunto con questi materiali, vengono prodotti complicati componenti strutturali che portano a complessi stati di sforzo. Pertanto, durante la vita del componente possono verificarsi diverse modalità di danno come delaminazioni, matrix cracking e rottura delle fibre. Di conseguenza, la conoscenza dei meccanismi di frattura del materiale adottato è di fondamentale importanza. Questa tesi mira a caratterizzare un composito rinforzato con fibra di vetro attraverso test in modo I, modo II e nel piano. Sono stati sviluppati modelli numerici per replicare il comportamento dei campioni con l'ausilio di elementi coesivi, reti neurali regressive, algoritmi genetici e tecniche bifasiche. Il primo argomento trattato è la campagna di test di provini unidirezionali in modo I e II, seguita da analisi numeriche approfondite che riproducono curve forza vs spostamento, R-curve e avanzamento delle cricche. Dopo aver introdotto la tecnica bifasica, vengono presentate le analisi agli elementi finiti dei test nel piano, mostrando come sia possibile catturare la reale modalità di rottura. Il capitolo finale di questa tesi si concentra sulla progettazione e sul test di provini in modo I e II con interfaccia cross-ply, un argomento raramente studiato in letteratura a causa delle difficoltà nel replicare le migrazioni di cricca e il matrix cracking nell'interfaccia 0°/90°. Il metodo numerico proposto offre un quadro promettente per simulare tali fenomeni attraverso l’approccio bifasico, cercando di affrontare un argomento attualmente molto dibattuto nella ricerca scientifica.
Delamination, fibre bridging and matrix cracking in aeronautical grade glass-reinforced composites: experiments and numerical models
Sala, Mattia
2024/2025
Abstract
Nowadays, aeronautical structures are predominantly made of composite materials with carbon or glass reinforcement fibers. Thanks to the high technological level reached with these materials, complex structural components are manufactured leading to complicated stress states. Therefore, different damage modes can arise during the component's life such as delaminations, matrix cracking and fiber breakages. Consequently, knowledge of the fracture mechanisms of the adopted material is of paramount importance. This thesis aims to characterize a glass-reinforced composite through mode I, mode II and in-plane experiments. Numerical models have been developed to replicate the behavior of the specimens with the help of cohesive elements, Regressive Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm and bi-phasic technique. The first covered topic is the testing campaign of unidirectional mode I and II specimens, followed by in-depth numerical analyses that reproduce force vs displacement curves, R-curves and crack advancement. After having introduced the bi-phasic technique, Finite Elements Analyses of in-plane tests are presented, showing how it is possible to capture the real failure mode. The final section of this thesis focuses on the design and testing of cross-ply mode I and II specimens, a subject rarely investigated in literature because of the difficulties in capturing crack jumps and matrix cracking at 0°/90° interface. The proposed numerical method offers a promising framework for simulating such phenomena through the bi-phasic approach, trying to address a highly debated topic in current scientific research.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Sala_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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2025_12_Sala_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246193