This thesis presents an experimental study on the thermo-fluid dynamic behavior of the zeotropic refrigerant mixture R449A during phase change inside smooth horizontal tubes. R449A is a refrigerant developed as a lower-GWP alternative to traditional refrigerants that are harmful for to the environment The research aims to characterize the pressure drop per unit length and heat transfer coefficient under controlled partial evaporation and condensation conditions. Experiments were conducted in a dedicated facility, maintaining a constant vapor quality dif ference of ∆x = 0.2 for partial tests and ∆x = 0.8 for total tests, while varying key parameters such as mass flux (G ∈ [130,400]kg·m⁻²·s⁻¹), bubble temperature (Tb ∈ [2.5, 10]°C for evap oration and Tb ∈ [25, 40] °C for condensation), and mean quality (xm = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.85). The influence of these parameters on the refrigerant’s thermophysical properties and flow patterns was analyzed to better understand their effect on two-phase flow mechanisms. For partial evaporation, the experiments show that the pressure drop increases with the mass flux but decreases with the bubble temperature. Moreover, as the mean vapor quality increases, the pressure drop also rises. Among the investigated models, the Zhang and Webb correlation, originally developed for R134a, R22, and R404A, provided the best prediction of the pressure gradient. Regarding the heat transfer coefficient, the correlation by Wattelet et al., developed for R12 and corrected using the Bell and Ghaly approach, showed the best agreement with the experimental data. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing bubble temperature, while it increases with both mass flux and mean quality before the dry-out and decrease in that flow regime region. For partial condensation, the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient exhibit the same trends as observed during partial evaporation when varying mass flux, bubble temperature, and mean quality. The main difference lies in the absence of dry-out during condensation. In this case, the Nozu et al. correlation, developed for R11, provided the most accurate prediction of the pressure drop, while the Kumar correlation, developed for R134a, best represented the heat transfer coefficient. For total condensation, the Kedzierski and Gon¸calves correlation showed the best predictive accuracy for the heat transfer coefficient, which increases with the mass flux.
Questa tesi presenta uno studio sperimentale sul comportamento termo-fluidodinamico della miscela zeotropica di refrigerante R449a durante il cambio di fase all’interno di tubi orizzontali lisci. L’R449a è un refrigerante sviluppato come alternativa a basso GWP (Global Warming Potential) rispetto ai refrigeranti tradizionali dannosi per l’ambiente. L’obiettivo della ricerca è caratterizzare la perdita di carico per unità di lunghezza e il coefficiente di scambio termico in condizioni controllate di evaporazione parziale e condensazione parziale. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti in un impianto dedicato, mantenendo una differenza di titolo di vapore costante di Δx = 0,2 per le prove parziali e Δx = 0,8 per le prove totali, variando al contempo parametri chiave quali il flusso di massa (G ∈ [130, 400] kg·m⁻²·s⁻¹), la temperatura di bolla (T_b ∈ [2,5, 10] °C per le prove in evaporazione e T_b ∈ [25, 40] °C per le prove in condensazione) e il titolo medio (x_m = 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 0,85). È stata analizzata l’influenza di questi parametri sulle proprietà termofisiche del refrigerante e sui regimi di flusso per comprendere meglio i meccanismi del flusso bifase. Per quanto riguarda l’evaporazione parziale, gli esperimenti mostrano che la perdita di carico aumenta con il flusso di massa ma diminuisce all’aumentare della temperatura di bolla. Inoltre, con l’aumento del titolo medio di vapore, la perdita di carico cresce. Tra i modelli analizzati, la correlazione di Zhang e Webb, sviluppata originariamente per i refrigeranti R134a, R22 e R404A, ha fornito la migliore previsione del gradiente di pressione. Per quanto riguarda il coefficiente di scambio termico, la correlazione di Wattelet et al., sviluppata per R12 e corretta secondo l’approccio di Bell e Ghaly, ha mostrato il miglior accordo con i dati sperimentali. I risultati indicano che il coefficiente di scambio termico diminuisce con l’aumento della temperatura di bolla, mentre aumenta con il flusso massico e con il titolo medio, fino al raggiungimento del dry-out, per poi ridursi in quella regione di flusso. Per quanto riguarda la condensazione parziale, la perdita di carico e il coefficiente di scambio termico mostrano gli stessi andamenti osservati durante l’evaporazione parziale al variare del flusso massico, della temperatura di bolla e del titolo medio. La principale differenza consiste nell’assenza del dry-out durante la condensazione. In questo caso, la correlazione di Nozu et al., sviluppata per R11, ha fornito la previsione più accurata della perdita di carico, mentre la correlazione di Kumar, sviluppata per R134a, ha rappresentato meglio il coefficiente di scambio termico. Per la condensazione totale, la correlazione di Kedzierski e Gonçalves ha mostrato la migliore accuratezza predittiva per il coefficiente di scambio termico, che aumenta con il flusso massico.
Bubble temperature effect on R449a heat transfer performance during phase change in horizontal smooth tube
Gonella, Alessandro
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis presents an experimental study on the thermo-fluid dynamic behavior of the zeotropic refrigerant mixture R449A during phase change inside smooth horizontal tubes. R449A is a refrigerant developed as a lower-GWP alternative to traditional refrigerants that are harmful for to the environment The research aims to characterize the pressure drop per unit length and heat transfer coefficient under controlled partial evaporation and condensation conditions. Experiments were conducted in a dedicated facility, maintaining a constant vapor quality dif ference of ∆x = 0.2 for partial tests and ∆x = 0.8 for total tests, while varying key parameters such as mass flux (G ∈ [130,400]kg·m⁻²·s⁻¹), bubble temperature (Tb ∈ [2.5, 10]°C for evap oration and Tb ∈ [25, 40] °C for condensation), and mean quality (xm = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.85). The influence of these parameters on the refrigerant’s thermophysical properties and flow patterns was analyzed to better understand their effect on two-phase flow mechanisms. For partial evaporation, the experiments show that the pressure drop increases with the mass flux but decreases with the bubble temperature. Moreover, as the mean vapor quality increases, the pressure drop also rises. Among the investigated models, the Zhang and Webb correlation, originally developed for R134a, R22, and R404A, provided the best prediction of the pressure gradient. Regarding the heat transfer coefficient, the correlation by Wattelet et al., developed for R12 and corrected using the Bell and Ghaly approach, showed the best agreement with the experimental data. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing bubble temperature, while it increases with both mass flux and mean quality before the dry-out and decrease in that flow regime region. For partial condensation, the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient exhibit the same trends as observed during partial evaporation when varying mass flux, bubble temperature, and mean quality. The main difference lies in the absence of dry-out during condensation. In this case, the Nozu et al. correlation, developed for R11, provided the most accurate prediction of the pressure drop, while the Kumar correlation, developed for R134a, best represented the heat transfer coefficient. For total condensation, the Kedzierski and Gon¸calves correlation showed the best predictive accuracy for the heat transfer coefficient, which increases with the mass flux.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246200