Human capital represents a key driver of organizational success, particularly in Venture Capital (VC)-backed firms, where leadership composition can determine strategic direction and ultimate firm outcomes. This dissertation examines how the characteristics of Top Management Teams (TMTs) shape the exit strategies of companies financed by Independent Venture Capital (IVC), focusing on the influence of founders’ presence, managerial turnover, functional diversity, and tenure on the likelihood of achieving different exit outcomes, such as: Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A), or Failures. The study extends the Upper Echelons Theory to the entrepreneurial finance domain by demonstrating that TMT composition plays a crucial role in determining the type of exit pursued by VC-backed firms. An original dataset was built by integrating company- and employee-level information from Orbis and Revelio, covering 2,368 European IVC-backed firms that experienced an exit between 2007 and 2025. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to estimate the probability of each exit type as a function of TMT characteristics, controlling for firm age, industry, region, and investment period. The findings show that human capital at the top of the organizations decisively influences exit outcomes. A greater presence of founders within the TMT significantly decreases the likelihood of pursuing an IPO relative to an M&A. Conversely, lower managerial tenure, reflecting recent professionalization and team renewal, is positively associated with IPOs, suggesting that restructured leadership enhances readiness for public markets. Functional diversity within the TMT emerges as a key success factor: teams combining heterogeneous managerial backgrounds are more likely to achieve favorable exits, while homogeneous teams underperform. Finally, longer average tenure is linked to a higher probability of M&A, indicating that experienced and cohesive teams are better equipped to manage complex negotiations and integration processes. Overall, the study enriches the understanding of how managerial human capital shapes venture trajectories, offering novel evidence that leadership composition is a critical determinant of exit strategies and providing valuable insights for investors, entrepreneurs, and policymakers in innovation-driven markets.
Il capitale umano rappresenta un fattore chiave per il successo organizzativo, in particolare nelle imprese finanziate da fondi di Venture Capital (VC), dove la composizione del team di leadership può determinare la direzione strategica e i risultati dell’impresa. Questa tesi analizza come le caratteristiche dei Top Management Team (TMT) influenzino le strategie di exit delle aziende sostenute da Independent Venture Capital (IVC), concentrandosi sull’impatto della presenza dei fondatori, del turnover manageriale, della diversità funzionale e dell’anzianità media sulla probabilità di conseguire diversi esiti di uscita: Offerta Pubblica Iniziale (IPO), Fusione o Acquisizione (M&A) o Fallimento. Lo studio estende la Upper Echelons Theory alla finanza imprenditoriale, dimostrando che la composizione del TMT svolge un ruolo chiave nel determinare il tipo di exit perseguita dalle imprese partecipate da VC. È stato costruito un dataset originale integrando informazioni a livello di impresa e di dipendenti provenienti da Orbis e Revelio, comprendente 2.368 aziende europee finanziate da IVC che hanno registrato un’uscita tra il 2007 e il 2025. Un modello di regressione logistica multinomiale ha stimato la probabilità di ciascun tipo di exit in funzione delle caratteristiche del TMT. I risultati mostrano che il capitale umano ai vertici dell’organizzazione influenza in modo decisivo gli esiti di exit. Una maggiore presenza di fondatori nel TMT riduce la probabilità di un’IPO rispetto a un’operazione di M&A, mentre una minore anzianità manageriale, indicativa di recente professionalizzazione, è positivamente associata alla probabilità di IPO, suggerendo che una leadership rinnovata favorisca la preparazione ai mercati pubblici. La diversità funzionale del TMT emerge come fattore di successo: team con competenze eterogenee ottengono più esiti favorevoli, mentre quelli omogenei tendono a sottoperformare. Infine, una maggiore anzianità media è associata a una più alta probabilità di M&A, indicando che team esperti e coesi sono meglio preparati a gestire processi di integrazione. Nel complesso, lo studio approfondisce la comprensione di come il capitale umano manageriale plasmi le traiettorie delle imprese partecipate da VC, offrendo nuove evidenze sul ruolo della composizione dei team di leadership nelle strategie di exit e fornendo indicazioni utili per investitori, imprenditori e policy maker nei mercati orientati all’innovazione.
TMT composition as a determinant of exit strategy in IVC-Backed companies
Russo, Marco;RICCIOTTI, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Human capital represents a key driver of organizational success, particularly in Venture Capital (VC)-backed firms, where leadership composition can determine strategic direction and ultimate firm outcomes. This dissertation examines how the characteristics of Top Management Teams (TMTs) shape the exit strategies of companies financed by Independent Venture Capital (IVC), focusing on the influence of founders’ presence, managerial turnover, functional diversity, and tenure on the likelihood of achieving different exit outcomes, such as: Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A), or Failures. The study extends the Upper Echelons Theory to the entrepreneurial finance domain by demonstrating that TMT composition plays a crucial role in determining the type of exit pursued by VC-backed firms. An original dataset was built by integrating company- and employee-level information from Orbis and Revelio, covering 2,368 European IVC-backed firms that experienced an exit between 2007 and 2025. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to estimate the probability of each exit type as a function of TMT characteristics, controlling for firm age, industry, region, and investment period. The findings show that human capital at the top of the organizations decisively influences exit outcomes. A greater presence of founders within the TMT significantly decreases the likelihood of pursuing an IPO relative to an M&A. Conversely, lower managerial tenure, reflecting recent professionalization and team renewal, is positively associated with IPOs, suggesting that restructured leadership enhances readiness for public markets. Functional diversity within the TMT emerges as a key success factor: teams combining heterogeneous managerial backgrounds are more likely to achieve favorable exits, while homogeneous teams underperform. Finally, longer average tenure is linked to a higher probability of M&A, indicating that experienced and cohesive teams are better equipped to manage complex negotiations and integration processes. Overall, the study enriches the understanding of how managerial human capital shapes venture trajectories, offering novel evidence that leadership composition is a critical determinant of exit strategies and providing valuable insights for investors, entrepreneurs, and policymakers in innovation-driven markets.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Russo_Ricciotti_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary di Marco Russo e Francesco Ricciotti
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2025_12_Russo_Ricciotti_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi di laurea Magistrale di Marco Russo e Francesco Ricciotti
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246315