Currently, hydrogen is produced on a large scale through industrial processes with a high environmental impact. This study aims to model a modification applicable to the traditional "contact" plant for the production of sulfuric acid, which would allow hydrogen to be produced as a secondary product, known as orange hydrogen. The plant design included the design of the reactors, the purification and separation section, and the complex energy recovery network. With regard to this plant, an environmental impact study was carried out considering three different operating scenarios, differentiated according to the type of energy used by the plant: "Fuel based", "Electric based", and "Hybrid". Comparing the proposed scenarios with the technologies currently implemented at an industrial level, it was observed that the "Hybrid" scenario represents the best operational option, with emissions of 10.11 kg of CO2 per kg of H2 produced and a cost in $ per kg of hydrogen produced equal to 14.34. The optimal scenario is a valid alternative to green hydrogen production, increasing hydrogen production worldwide without having to resort to technologies with a greater environmental impact. This analysis is followed by an economic and financial feasibility study. From an economic point of view, due to high operating costs, the change results in a profit loss of 35.9% in the "Hybrid" scenario; although the investment feasibility study found a positive DNPV value, given the break-even value of 9.43 years and an IRR value of 5.45% for the "Hybrid" case, this investment is not considered cost-effective. The modification of the orange hydrogen production plant is therefore valid from an environmental point of view, but it is not feasible from an economic and financial point of view. To make this modification acceptable from both points of view, it would be necessary to reduce operating costs, which are the highest cost item for this plant, or to implement policies that promote the reduction of emissions in the industrial sector.
Allo stato attuale, l’idrogeno viene prodotto su larga scala tramite processi industriali dall’elevato impatto ambientale. Questo studio mira a modellare una modifica applicabile al tradizionale impianto a "contatto" per la produzione di acido solforico, che permetterebbe di produrre idrogeno come prodotto secondario, noto come idrogeno arancione. La progettazione dell’impianto ha previsto il design dei reattori, della sezione di purificazione e separazione delle correnti e del complesso network di recupero energetico. Relativamente a questo impianto, è stato effettuato uno studio sull’impatto ambientale considerando 3 diversi scenari operativi, discriminati in base alla tipologia di energia utilizzata dall’impianto: "Fuel based", "Electric based" e "Hybrid". Confrontando gli scenari proposti con le tecnologie attualmente implementate a livello industriale, si è osservato che lo scenario "Hybrid" rappresenta l’opzione operativa migliore, con emissioni pari a 10.11 kg di CO2 per kg di H2 prodotto e un costo in $ per kg di idrogeno prodotto pari a 14.34. Lo scenario ottimale si presenta come un’alternativa valida alla produzione di idrogeno verde, incrementando la produzione di idrogeno su scala mondiale senza dover ricorrere a tecnologie più impattanti dal punto di vista ambientale. A questa analisi segue lo studio di fattibilità economico-finanziario. Dal punto di vista economico, la modifica, a causa degli elevati costi operativi, comporta una perdita di profitto pari al 35.9% nello scenario "Hybrid"; sebbene lo studio di fattibilità dell’investimento abbia rilevato un valore di DNPV positivo, dato il valore di break-even pari a 9.43 anni e un valore di IRR pari a 5.45% per il caso "Hybrid", si ritiene che questo investimento non sia conveniente. La modifica dell’impianto per la produzione di orange hydrogen risulta quindi valida dal punto di vista ambientale, ma non è attuabile dal punto di vista economico e finanziario. Per rendere questa modifica accettabile sotto entrambi i punti di vista sarebbe necessario abbattere i costi operativi, che sono la voce di costo più elevata per questo impianto, oppure applicare politiche che favoriscano la riduzione delle emissioni in ambito industriale.
Mitigating environmental impact of sulfuric acid processes through hydrogen co-production
PAPINI, ALBERTO;Scaramella, Luca
2024/2025
Abstract
Currently, hydrogen is produced on a large scale through industrial processes with a high environmental impact. This study aims to model a modification applicable to the traditional "contact" plant for the production of sulfuric acid, which would allow hydrogen to be produced as a secondary product, known as orange hydrogen. The plant design included the design of the reactors, the purification and separation section, and the complex energy recovery network. With regard to this plant, an environmental impact study was carried out considering three different operating scenarios, differentiated according to the type of energy used by the plant: "Fuel based", "Electric based", and "Hybrid". Comparing the proposed scenarios with the technologies currently implemented at an industrial level, it was observed that the "Hybrid" scenario represents the best operational option, with emissions of 10.11 kg of CO2 per kg of H2 produced and a cost in $ per kg of hydrogen produced equal to 14.34. The optimal scenario is a valid alternative to green hydrogen production, increasing hydrogen production worldwide without having to resort to technologies with a greater environmental impact. This analysis is followed by an economic and financial feasibility study. From an economic point of view, due to high operating costs, the change results in a profit loss of 35.9% in the "Hybrid" scenario; although the investment feasibility study found a positive DNPV value, given the break-even value of 9.43 years and an IRR value of 5.45% for the "Hybrid" case, this investment is not considered cost-effective. The modification of the orange hydrogen production plant is therefore valid from an environmental point of view, but it is not feasible from an economic and financial point of view. To make this modification acceptable from both points of view, it would be necessary to reduce operating costs, which are the highest cost item for this plant, or to implement policies that promote the reduction of emissions in the industrial sector.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246333