The development and validation of accurate vehicle simulation models have become increasingly important in the automotive and tire industries, as they allow for a significant reduction in the number of physical tests and prototypes required during product development. In this context, the present work focuses on the creation of a complete lumped-parameter model for the vertical dynamics of a heavy-duty truck, aimed at predicting the interaction between the vehicle and the tires under different operating conditions. The project, carried out in collaboration with Prometeon Tyre Group, seeks to provide a reliable simulation framework capable of reproducing experimental test conditions while reducing the time and costs associated with extensive outdoor testing campaigns. To achieve this goal, an extensive experimental activity was first performed to characterize the vertical dynamic behaviour of the reference vehicle, an Iveco Stralis 500. The test campaign included both indoor tests on a four-post hydraulic shaker and outdoor tests at the Nardò proving ground. The indoor tests allowed for the identification of the vehicle’s natural frequencies, mode shapes, and key suspension parameters, while the outdoor tests were designed to evaluate the vehicle’s response to real road excitations such as cleats and track irregularities. The gathered experimental data were processed to estimate the fundamental physical parameters of the vehicle including masses, stiffnesses, and damping coefficients as well as the properties of specific components such as air springs, leaf springs, and the rear anti-roll bar. Based on these parameters, an 11 degree of freedom lumped-parameter model was developed to represent the chassis, cabin, and unsprung masses, accounting for vertical, pitch, and roll motions. The equations of motion were derived analytically and implemented in matrix form within the MATLAB-Simulink environment, enabling direct simulation of the test conditions used experimentally. Finally, the model was validated by comparing the numerical simulations with the experimental data obtained during the indoor and outdoor campaigns. This comparison allowed for the assessment of the model’s ability to reproduce the vehicle’s vertical dynamic behaviour and to evaluate the influence of parameters such as suspension stiffness, damping characteristics, and the ECAS (Electronically Controlled Air Suspension) system. Overall, the work aims not only to provide a detailed understanding of the vertical dynamic behaviour of the tested truck but also to establish a general and transferable methodology for the characterisation and modelling of heavy-duty vehicles, supporting the development of future tyre testing and vehicle simulation activities.
Lo sviluppo e la validazione di modelli di simulazione veicolare accurati stanno assumendo un ruolo sempre più centrale nell’industria automobilistica e in quella degli pneumatici, poiché consentono di ridurre in modo significativo il numero di prove fisiche e di prototipi di pneumatico necessari durante le fasi di sviluppo prodotto. In questo contesto, il presente lavoro si concentra sulla realizzazione di un modello a parametri concentrati completo per lo studio della dinamica verticale di un autocarro pesante, con l’obiettivo di prevedere l’interazione tra veicolo e pneumatici in differenti condizioni operative. Il progetto, svolto in collaborazione con Prometeon Tyre Group, mira a fornire un ambiente di simulazione capace di riprodurre le condizioni sperimentali dei test, riducendo al contempo tempi e costi associati a campagne di prova su strada. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, è stata preliminarmente condotta un’intensa campagna sperimentale volta a caratterizzare il comportamento dinamico verticale del veicolo di riferimento, un Iveco Stralis 500. La campagna di prove ha incluso sia test indoor, eseguiti su uno shaker idraulico a quattro piattelli, sia test outdoor presso il circuito di Nardò. Le prove indoor hanno permesso di identificare le frequenze naturali, le forme modali e i principali parametri delle sospensioni del veicolo, mentre le prove outdoor sono state finalizzate a valutare la risposta del veicolo a ostacoli concetrati (cleats). I dati sperimentali raccolti sono stati successivamente elaborati per stimare i parametri fisici fondamentali del veicolo comprese masse, rigidezze e coefficienti di smorzamento ,nonché le caratteristiche di specifici componenti, come le molle ad aria, le balestre e la barra antirollio posteriore. Sulla base di tali parametri, è stato sviluppato un modello a 11 gradi di libertà a parametri concentrati, in grado di rappresentare telaio, cabina e masse non sospese, includendo i moti di beccheggio, rollio e moto verticale. Le equazioni di moto sono state derivate analiticamente e successivamente implementate in forma matriciale all’interno dell’ambiente MATLAB-Simulink, consentendo la simulazione diretta delle stesse condizioni di prova adottate sperimentalmente. Infine, il modello è stato validato confrontando i risultati numerici con i dati sperimentali ottenuti durante le campagne di test indoor e outdoor. Questo confronto ha permesso di valutare la capacità del modello di riprodurre accuratamente il comportamento dinamico verticale del veicolo e di analizzare l’influenza di parametri quali la rigidezza delle sospensioni, le caratteristiche di smorzamento e il funzionamento del sistema ECAS (Electronically Controlled Air Suspension). In conclusione, il lavoro non si limita a fornire una descrizione dettagliata del comportamento dinamico verticale del veicolo analizzato, ma propone anche una metodologia generale e trasferibile per la caratterizzazione e la modellazione dei veicoli industriali pesanti utilizzati nei test, a supporto dello sviluppo futuro di attività di prova e simulazione veicolo–pneumatico.
Heavy-duty truck vertical dynamics characterization and modelling
VILLANI, LORENZO
2024/2025
Abstract
The development and validation of accurate vehicle simulation models have become increasingly important in the automotive and tire industries, as they allow for a significant reduction in the number of physical tests and prototypes required during product development. In this context, the present work focuses on the creation of a complete lumped-parameter model for the vertical dynamics of a heavy-duty truck, aimed at predicting the interaction between the vehicle and the tires under different operating conditions. The project, carried out in collaboration with Prometeon Tyre Group, seeks to provide a reliable simulation framework capable of reproducing experimental test conditions while reducing the time and costs associated with extensive outdoor testing campaigns. To achieve this goal, an extensive experimental activity was first performed to characterize the vertical dynamic behaviour of the reference vehicle, an Iveco Stralis 500. The test campaign included both indoor tests on a four-post hydraulic shaker and outdoor tests at the Nardò proving ground. The indoor tests allowed for the identification of the vehicle’s natural frequencies, mode shapes, and key suspension parameters, while the outdoor tests were designed to evaluate the vehicle’s response to real road excitations such as cleats and track irregularities. The gathered experimental data were processed to estimate the fundamental physical parameters of the vehicle including masses, stiffnesses, and damping coefficients as well as the properties of specific components such as air springs, leaf springs, and the rear anti-roll bar. Based on these parameters, an 11 degree of freedom lumped-parameter model was developed to represent the chassis, cabin, and unsprung masses, accounting for vertical, pitch, and roll motions. The equations of motion were derived analytically and implemented in matrix form within the MATLAB-Simulink environment, enabling direct simulation of the test conditions used experimentally. Finally, the model was validated by comparing the numerical simulations with the experimental data obtained during the indoor and outdoor campaigns. This comparison allowed for the assessment of the model’s ability to reproduce the vehicle’s vertical dynamic behaviour and to evaluate the influence of parameters such as suspension stiffness, damping characteristics, and the ECAS (Electronically Controlled Air Suspension) system. Overall, the work aims not only to provide a detailed understanding of the vertical dynamic behaviour of the tested truck but also to establish a general and transferable methodology for the characterisation and modelling of heavy-duty vehicles, supporting the development of future tyre testing and vehicle simulation activities.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Villani_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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27.72 MB
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2025_12_Villani_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246366