Social sustainability has become a central concern in agri-food supply chains, especially in emerging economies, where institutional fragility, socio-economic uncertainty, and environmental pressures shape how actors operate. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in linking producers to markets and supporting local livelihoods, yet their engagement in socially sustainable practices, particularly through informal arrangements, remains poorly understood. This thesis addresses two core questions: how do SMEs engage with social sustainability in agri-food supply chains? And how are their practices shaped by informal relationships and governance mechanisms? To investigate these issues, the research focuses on the rice supply chain in Vietnam’s Mekong River Delta, adopting a qualitative approach based on a semi-systematic literature review and empirical fieldwork. Interviews with farmers, cooperatives, brokers, traders, and enterprises reveal that SMEs adopt diverse practices depending on their role in the chain. Upstream actors rely on socially embedded practices rooted in solidarity, knowledge transfer, and mutual support, such as mentoring, informal labor exchanges, and contributions to local services. Downstream enterprises implement more formal tools like training programs, support for sustainable certification (e.g., SRP), and enforcement of food safety standards (e.g., MRL), often driven by compliance and performance goals. Despite different approaches between actors, informal arrangements, including verbal agreements, flexible coordination, and trust-based relationships, emerge as key mechanisms of governance and resilience in the face of institutional gaps and market volatility. The originality of this research lies in its context-sensitive understanding of sustainability governance. Rather than treating informality as a barrier, it is reframed as a functional component of hybrid governance systems. The study contributes to bridging global sustainability frameworks and local practices, offering practical implications for policies that strengthen SME agency and support inclusive, resilient agri-food systems in emerging countries.
La sostenibilità sociale è diventata una dimensione centrale nelle filiere agroalimentari, soprattutto nei paesi emergenti, fragilità istituzionale, incertezza socio-economica e pressioni ambientali influenzano il modo in cui si opera. Le piccole e medie imprese (PMI) svolgono un ruolo chiave nel collegare i produttori ai mercati e nel sostenere i mezzi di sussistenza locali, ma il loro impegno in pratiche socialmente sostenibili, soprattutto attraverso meccanismi informali, rimane poco esplorato. Questa tesi affronta due domande centrali: in che modo le PMI si impegnano nella sostenibilità sociale nelle filiere agroalimentari? E in che misura le loro pratiche sono influenzate da relazioni e governance informali? Per rispondere a questi interrogativi, la ricerca si concentra sulla filiera del riso nel Delta del Mekong in Vietnam, adottando un approccio qualitativo basato su una revisione semi-sistematica della letteratura e su un lavoro empirico sul campo. Le interviste condotte con agricoltori, cooperative, intermediari e imprese rivelano che le PMI adottano pratiche differenti a seconda del loro ruolo nella filiera. Gli attori a monte si affidano a pratiche sociali radicate nella cultura locale, fondate su solidarietà, trasmissione di conoscenze e supporto reciproco, come scambi di manodopera informale e aiuti alla comunità locale. Le imprese a valle, invece, adottano strumenti più formalizzati, come programmi di formazione, supporto alle certificazioni sostenibili (es. SRP) e applicazione di standard di sicurezza alimentare (es. MRL), spesso guidate da obiettivi di conformità e performance. Nonostante approcci diversi tra i vari attori, gli accordi informali, come intese verbali, coordinamento flessibile e relazioni basate sulla fiducia, emergono come meccanismi fondamentali di governance e resilienza di fronte a carenze istituzionali e volatilità di mercato. L’originalità della ricerca risiede in una lettura contestuale sostenibilità. L’informalità nella filiera non è trattata come un ostacolo, ma come componente funzionale. Lo studio contribuisce a colmare il divario tra i quadri globali della sostenibilità e le pratiche locali, offrendo implicazioni pratiche per politiche di sviluppo che rafforzino il ruolo delle PMI e promuovano filiere inclusive e resilienti nei paesi emergenti.
The interplay of governance, social sustainability and informality in practice: a study of SMEs in the rice sector of Vietnam
BARATTO, CLAUDIA;Baioletti, Alessia
2024/2025
Abstract
Social sustainability has become a central concern in agri-food supply chains, especially in emerging economies, where institutional fragility, socio-economic uncertainty, and environmental pressures shape how actors operate. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in linking producers to markets and supporting local livelihoods, yet their engagement in socially sustainable practices, particularly through informal arrangements, remains poorly understood. This thesis addresses two core questions: how do SMEs engage with social sustainability in agri-food supply chains? And how are their practices shaped by informal relationships and governance mechanisms? To investigate these issues, the research focuses on the rice supply chain in Vietnam’s Mekong River Delta, adopting a qualitative approach based on a semi-systematic literature review and empirical fieldwork. Interviews with farmers, cooperatives, brokers, traders, and enterprises reveal that SMEs adopt diverse practices depending on their role in the chain. Upstream actors rely on socially embedded practices rooted in solidarity, knowledge transfer, and mutual support, such as mentoring, informal labor exchanges, and contributions to local services. Downstream enterprises implement more formal tools like training programs, support for sustainable certification (e.g., SRP), and enforcement of food safety standards (e.g., MRL), often driven by compliance and performance goals. Despite different approaches between actors, informal arrangements, including verbal agreements, flexible coordination, and trust-based relationships, emerge as key mechanisms of governance and resilience in the face of institutional gaps and market volatility. The originality of this research lies in its context-sensitive understanding of sustainability governance. Rather than treating informality as a barrier, it is reframed as a functional component of hybrid governance systems. The study contributes to bridging global sustainability frameworks and local practices, offering practical implications for policies that strengthen SME agency and support inclusive, resilient agri-food systems in emerging countries.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246384