This thesis examines how individual investor characteristics interact within business angel syndicates and how these dynamics influence the main stages of the investment process. Building on the homophily-diversity trade-off, it asks whether intra-syndicate similarity across five domains (gender, network ties, academic and professional background, investment strategy, and investment experience) affects first-time co-investment, venture selection and performance. The study assembles an original, time-aligned dataset from PitchBook covering BA-only first rounds worldwide over 1989-2024, yielding 3,331 financing deals. The results show that first-time syndication is primarily a network phenomenon: shared university, prior employer, and country consistently show the largest, most robust effects, together with similarity in past invested industries. Gender-homogeneous (largely male) groups are less likely to back female-led ventures, and they show weakly higher propensity for tech and cross-border deals, consistent with higher self-assessed confidence. Denser network ties are associated with smaller groups and more cross-border activity, but a lower inclination toward high-tech or very early-stage ventures, evidence of trust-enabled internationalization but informational redundancy in innovation-intensive contexts. Similarity in background also supports smaller, more cohesive groups, while investment experience similarity is linked to larger groups and greater willingness to accept risk. Network ties that aid coordination can hurt outcomes since higher overlap in institutional or employer ties correlates with fewer exits and more failures, plausibly via over-embeddedness and narrower external search. Strategic diversity shows a positive link to exits, consistent with broader opportunity sets and less correlated screening errors, while investment experience similarity modestly improves exit odds and reduces poor outcomes, suggesting gains from shared routines and collective learning. Overall, the best-performing structures balance trust, experience and diversity.
Questa tesi analizza come le caratteristiche individuali dei business angel (BA) interagiscono nei sindacati e come tali dinamiche influenzano le principali fasi del processo di investimento. Basandosi sul trade-off omofilia-diversità, indaga se la similarità intra-sindacato in genere, legami di rete, background, strategia ed esperienza d’investimento incida sulla probabilità di primo co-investimento, sulla selezione e performance delle startup finanziate. Lo studio costruisce un dataset a livello globale tratto da PitchBook, che include round iniziali di sindacati di BA nel periodo 1989-2024, per un totale di 3.331 finanziamenti. I risultati mostrano che la formazione dei sindacati è principalmente un fenomeno di rete: aver frequentato la stessa università, essere stati colleghi o operare nello stesso Paese è associato agli effetti più robusti, insieme alla similarità nei settori di investimento pregressi. I gruppi maschili mostrano minore propensione a finanziare imprese guidate da donne e una lieve tendenza verso investimenti tecnologici o transfrontalieri, coerente con maggiori livelli di fiducia auto-percepita. Maggiore prossimità di rete si associa a sindacati più piccoli e a una più intensa attività cross-border, ma a minore propensione verso investimenti high-tech o in fasi iniziali, dove la ridondanza informativa penalizza l’esposizione all’innovazione. La similarità nel background favorisce gruppi più ridotti, mentre quella nell’esperienza d’investimento è legata a sindacati più ampi e a maggiore propensione al rischio. Tuttavia, legami troppo concentrati peggiorano gli esiti: una maggiore sovrapposizione di università o azienda si correla a meno exit e più insuccessi, probabilmente per eccessivo radicamento relazionale e minore apertura informativa. Al contrario, la diversità strategica è positivamente associata alle exit, coerente con un ventaglio più ampio di opportunità e minore correlazione negli errori di selezione, mentre la similarità nell’esperienza d’investimento migliora moderatamente le probabilità di successo e riduce gli esiti negativi, suggerendo benefici da routine condivise e apprendimento collettivo. Nel complesso, le strutture di sindacato più performanti combinano fiducia, esperienza e diversità.
How investor similarity shapes matching, selection criteria and venture outcomes: evidence from business angel syndicates
Garonzi, Matteo
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis examines how individual investor characteristics interact within business angel syndicates and how these dynamics influence the main stages of the investment process. Building on the homophily-diversity trade-off, it asks whether intra-syndicate similarity across five domains (gender, network ties, academic and professional background, investment strategy, and investment experience) affects first-time co-investment, venture selection and performance. The study assembles an original, time-aligned dataset from PitchBook covering BA-only first rounds worldwide over 1989-2024, yielding 3,331 financing deals. The results show that first-time syndication is primarily a network phenomenon: shared university, prior employer, and country consistently show the largest, most robust effects, together with similarity in past invested industries. Gender-homogeneous (largely male) groups are less likely to back female-led ventures, and they show weakly higher propensity for tech and cross-border deals, consistent with higher self-assessed confidence. Denser network ties are associated with smaller groups and more cross-border activity, but a lower inclination toward high-tech or very early-stage ventures, evidence of trust-enabled internationalization but informational redundancy in innovation-intensive contexts. Similarity in background also supports smaller, more cohesive groups, while investment experience similarity is linked to larger groups and greater willingness to accept risk. Network ties that aid coordination can hurt outcomes since higher overlap in institutional or employer ties correlates with fewer exits and more failures, plausibly via over-embeddedness and narrower external search. Strategic diversity shows a positive link to exits, consistent with broader opportunity sets and less correlated screening errors, while investment experience similarity modestly improves exit odds and reduces poor outcomes, suggesting gains from shared routines and collective learning. Overall, the best-performing structures balance trust, experience and diversity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Garonzi_Executive Summary.pdf
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2025_12_Garonzi_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246412