In this thesis work, (nano)composite films suitable for packaging applications have been developed. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) and (nano)lignin were selected as polymeric matrix and reinforcing filler, respectively, with the aim of producing a fully biobased material with enhanced mechanical performances, while valorising the most abundant and underutilised by–product from the pulp and paper industry. In particular, two technical lignins from the kraft and soda pulping processes (Indulin AT and Protobind 1000, respectively) have been subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for reducing their particle size to the nanometric scale. Both materials have been thoroughly characterised before and after the treatment, so as to quantitatively assess modifications in their chemical, physical, and thermal properties occurring during ultrasonication process. To this end, analytical techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and phosphorous–31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P–NMR) spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM, respectively), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) have been employed. Then, TPS-based films incorporating up to 10 wt.% of either pristine or ultrasound-treated lignin were prepared via solvent casting, and analysed by means of FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA) and water-vapour permeability (WVP) measurements, as well as uniaxial tensile testing, in order to evaluate the effect of (nano)lignin type and characteristics on the properties of the resulting (nano)composite thermoplastic materials.
Questo progetto di tesi è stato incentrato sullo sviluppo di film (nano)compositi per applicazioni nell’ambito del packaging. Amido termoplastico (TPS) e (nano)lignina sono stati selezionati rispettivamente come matrice polimerica e filler di rinforzo, con l’obiettivo di produrre un materiale completamente bioderivato con prestazioni meccaniche migliorate e al contempo di valorizzare il sottoprodotto più abbondante e inutilizzato dell’industria cartiera. In particolare, due lignine tecniche (Indulin AT e Protobind 1000) sono state sottoposte ad irradiazione ultrasonica per ridurre la dimensione delle loro particelle alla scala nanometrica. Entrambi i materiali sono stati estensivamente caratterizzati prima e dopo il trattamento, in modo da quantificare eventuali cambiamenti nelle loro proprietà chimiche, fisiche e termiche indotti dal processo di sonicazione. A tal fine, sono state impiegate tecniche analitiche quali: spettroscopia infrarossa a trasformata di Fourier (FTIR), risonanza magnetica nucleare al fosforo–31 (31P–NMR), cromatografia a permeazione di gel (GPC), diffusione dinamica della luce (DLS), microscopia elettronica a scansione e trasmissione (SEM e TEM, rispettivamente), calorimetria a scansione differenziale (DSC) e analisi termogravimetrica (TGA). Successivamente, dei film di amido termoplastico rinforzati con lignina tal quale o sonicata (fino al 10 % in peso) sono stati preparati tramite fusione con solvente e analizzati mediante FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, microscopia a forza atomica (AFM), misurazioni dell’angolo di contatto con l’acqua (WCA) e della permeabilità al vapore acqueo, e prove di trazione uniassiale, al fine di valutare l’effetto del tipo di (nano)lignina e delle caratteristiche delle sue particelle sulle proprietà dei materiali termoplastici (nano)compositi risultanti.
From wood to bioplastics: enhancing the performance of thermoplastic starch films through the incorporation of lignin nanoparticles
Grassi, Giovanni
2024/2025
Abstract
In this thesis work, (nano)composite films suitable for packaging applications have been developed. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) and (nano)lignin were selected as polymeric matrix and reinforcing filler, respectively, with the aim of producing a fully biobased material with enhanced mechanical performances, while valorising the most abundant and underutilised by–product from the pulp and paper industry. In particular, two technical lignins from the kraft and soda pulping processes (Indulin AT and Protobind 1000, respectively) have been subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for reducing their particle size to the nanometric scale. Both materials have been thoroughly characterised before and after the treatment, so as to quantitatively assess modifications in their chemical, physical, and thermal properties occurring during ultrasonication process. To this end, analytical techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and phosphorous–31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P–NMR) spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM, respectively), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) have been employed. Then, TPS-based films incorporating up to 10 wt.% of either pristine or ultrasound-treated lignin were prepared via solvent casting, and analysed by means of FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA) and water-vapour permeability (WVP) measurements, as well as uniaxial tensile testing, in order to evaluate the effect of (nano)lignin type and characteristics on the properties of the resulting (nano)composite thermoplastic materials.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Grassi_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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2025_12_Grassi_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary
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1.41 MB
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1.41 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246499