In the oil and gas industry, most conventional and easily recoverable hydrocarbons have already been developed. As a result, increasing attention is being given to more complex reservoirs. Among these, naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) stand out due to their unique flow mechanism and production behaviours, which differ substantially from those of classical porous media and require dedicated modelling approaches. This thesis was carried out during a six-month internship at Eni’s Reservoir Department, supported by the Eni Hydrocarbons Scholarship. Its main objective was to study two-phase oil-water flows in fracture networks, from simple configurations to reservoir-scale simulations. Using OpenFOAM 11, an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) framework, different fracture structures were analysed to determine relative permeability curves. Numerical results validated Romm’s straight-line correlations for a single horizontal fracture under specific conditions. However, when extending the analysis to fracture networks with multiple intersecting fractures, it was observed that phase interference becomes significant and that residual oil saturation is not negligible, even in highly fractured systems. This finding challenges the conventional assumption that Romm’s curves can be directly applied to complex fracture networks, as often suggested by industry best practices. Furthermore, the study shows that residual oil saturation is a function of the flow direction, and that relative permeability curves depend not only on saturation but also on the geometry and orientation of the fracture network. Simplified simulations performed in Eclipse 100 were used to develop an empirical model linking residual oil saturation at the reservoir-cell scale to key fracture network parameters. The proposed model, which shows an average prediction error of about 20%, was validated and then applied to update the relative permeability curves within a reservoir model. Comparison with traditional Romm-based curves and historical production data demonstrates that the new approach better predicts early water breakthrough and water production trends, improving the representativeness of fractured-reservoirs simulations.
Nell’industria petrolifera la maggior parte dei giacimenti convenzionali e facilemente estraibili è già stata sviluppata, spostando l’attenzione verso giacimenti più complessi. Tra questi, i giacimenti naturalmente fratturati (NFR) si distinguono per i loro peculiari meccanismi di flusso e comportamento produttivo, che differiscono significativamente da quelli dei giacimenti porosi classici e richiedono specifici approcci di modellazione. Questa tesi è stata svolta durante un tirocinio di sei mesi presso il Dipartimento di Giacienti di Eni, nell’ambito della Borsa di Studio Idrocarburi Eni. L’obiettivo principale è stato lo studio dei flussi bifase olio-acqua in reti fratture, da configurazioni semplici fino a simulazioni alla scala di giacimento. Mediante OpenFOAM 11, software open-source di fluidodinamica computazionale (CFD), sono state analizzate diverse strutture di fratture per determinare le curve di permeanilità relativa. I risultati numerici hanno confermato le correlazioni lineari di Romm per una singola frattura orizzontale, entro specifiche condizioni. Tuttavia, estendendo l’analisi a reti di fratture multiple, è stato osservato che l’interferenza tra le fasi diventa significativa e che la saturazione di olio residua non è trascurabile, anche in sistemi altamente fratturati. Ciò mette in discussione l’assunzione convenzionale secondo cui le curve di Romm possano essere applicate direttamente a reti di fratture complesse. Lo studio mostra inoltre che la saturazione di olio residua dipende dalla direzione del flusso, mentre le curve di permeabilità dipendono non solo dalla saturazione, ma anche dalla geometria e dall’orientazione delle fratture. Simulazioni semplificate condotte con Eclipse 100 hanno permesso di sviluppare un modello empirico che correla la saturazione di olio residua a parametri, caratteristici della rete di fratture. Il modello, con un errore medio di circa 20%, è stato validato e applicato per aggiornare le curve di permeabilità relativa di un modello di giacimento. I confronti con le curve di Romm e con i dati storici di produzione mostrano una migliore predizione della comparsa precoce dell’acqua e una maggiore rappresentatività delle simulazioni di giacimenti fratturati.
Residual oil saturation in fracture networks and its impact on reservoir simulation
Soldati, Enrico
2024/2025
Abstract
In the oil and gas industry, most conventional and easily recoverable hydrocarbons have already been developed. As a result, increasing attention is being given to more complex reservoirs. Among these, naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) stand out due to their unique flow mechanism and production behaviours, which differ substantially from those of classical porous media and require dedicated modelling approaches. This thesis was carried out during a six-month internship at Eni’s Reservoir Department, supported by the Eni Hydrocarbons Scholarship. Its main objective was to study two-phase oil-water flows in fracture networks, from simple configurations to reservoir-scale simulations. Using OpenFOAM 11, an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) framework, different fracture structures were analysed to determine relative permeability curves. Numerical results validated Romm’s straight-line correlations for a single horizontal fracture under specific conditions. However, when extending the analysis to fracture networks with multiple intersecting fractures, it was observed that phase interference becomes significant and that residual oil saturation is not negligible, even in highly fractured systems. This finding challenges the conventional assumption that Romm’s curves can be directly applied to complex fracture networks, as often suggested by industry best practices. Furthermore, the study shows that residual oil saturation is a function of the flow direction, and that relative permeability curves depend not only on saturation but also on the geometry and orientation of the fracture network. Simplified simulations performed in Eclipse 100 were used to develop an empirical model linking residual oil saturation at the reservoir-cell scale to key fracture network parameters. The proposed model, which shows an average prediction error of about 20%, was validated and then applied to update the relative permeability curves within a reservoir model. Comparison with traditional Romm-based curves and historical production data demonstrates that the new approach better predicts early water breakthrough and water production trends, improving the representativeness of fractured-reservoirs simulations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Soldati_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary della tesi
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2025_12_Soldati_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246534